Page 44 - 2417
P. 44
Page 20 of 23 Chaib et al. Carbon Footprints 2026, 5, 23
REFERENCES
1. Lowder, S. K.; Skoet, J.; Raney, T. The number, size, and distribution of farms, smallholder farms, and family farms worldwide. World.
Dev. 2016, 87, 16-29. DOI
2. Ricciardi, V.; Ramankutty, N.; Mehrabi, Z.; Jarvis, L.; Chookolingo, B. How much of the world's food do smallholders produce? Glob.
Food. Secur. 2018, 17, 64-72. DOI
3. Ricciardi, V.; Mehrabi, Z.; Wittman, H.; James, D.; Ramankutty, N. Higher yields and more biodiversity on smaller farms. Nat. Sustain.
2021, 4, 651-7. DOI
4. Levers, C.; Romero-muñoz, A.; Baumann, M.; et al. Agricultural expansion and the ecological marginalization of forest-dependent
people. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 2021, 118, e2100436118. DOI PubMed PMC
5. IPCC. IPCC climate change 2014: impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability; Part A: global and sectoral aspects contribution of working
group II to the fifth assessment report of the IPCC. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK, 2015. DOI
6. Arima, E. Y.; Barreto, P.; Araújo, E.; Soares-Filho, B. Public policies can reduce tropical deforestation: lessons and challenges from
Brazil. Land. Use. Policy. 2014, 41, 465-73. DOI
7. Godar, J.; Gardner, T. A.; Tizado, E. J.; Pacheco, P. Actor-specific contributions to the deforestation slowdown in the Brazilian Amazon.
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 2014, 111, 15591-6. DOI PubMed PMC
8. Tyukavina, A.; Hansen, M. C.; Potapov, P.; et al. Congo basin forest loss dominated by increasing smallholder clearing. Sci. Adv. 2018,
4, eaat2993. DOI PubMed PMC
9. Curtis, P. G.; Slay, C. M.; Harris, N. L.; Tyukavina, A.; Hansen, M. C. Classifying drivers of global forest loss. Science 2018, 361,
1108-11. DOI PubMed
10. Amaral, S.; Metzger, J. P.; Rosa, M.; Adorno, B. V.; Gonçalves, G. C.; Guedes, Pinto. L. F. Alarming patterns of mature forest loss in
the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Nat. Sustain. 2025, 8, 256-64. DOI
11. He, X.; Spracklen, D. V.; Holden, J.; Zeng, Z. Tropical montane forest loss dominated by increased 1-10 hectare-sized patches. Environ.
Res. Lett. 2025, 20, 024039. DOI
12. Wang, M.; Hu, C.; Barnes, B. B.; Mitchum, G.; Lapointe, B.; Montoya, J. P. The great Atlantic Sargassum belt. Science 2019, 365, 83-7.
DOI
13. Qin, Y.; Wang, D.; Ziegler, A. D.; Fu, B.; Zeng, Z. Impact of Amazonian deforestation on precipitation reverses between seasons.
Nature 2025, 639, 102-8. DOI PubMed PMC
14. Grant, L.; Vanderkelen, I.; Gudmundsson, L.; Fischer, E.; Seneviratne, S. I.; Thiery, W. Global emergence of unprecedented lifetime
exposure to climate extremes. Nature 2025, 641, 374-9. DOI PubMed PMC
15. Griscom, B. W.; Adams, J.; Ellis, P. W.; et al. Natural climate solutions. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 2017, 114, 11645-50. DOI
16. Ricketts, T. H.; Soares-filho, B.; Da, Fonseca. G. A. B.; et al. Indigenous lands, protected areas, and slowing climate change. PLoS. Biol.
2010, 8, e1000331. DOI PubMed PMC
17. Nepstad, D.; Schwartzman, S.; Bamberger, B.; et al. Inhibition of Amazon deforestation and fire by parks and indigenous lands. Conserv.
Biol. 2006, 20, 65-73. DOI
18. Porter-Bolland, L.; Ellis, E. A.; Guariguata, M. R.; Ruiz-Mallén, I.; Negrete-Yankelevich, S.; Reyes-García, V. Community managed
forests and forest protected areas: an assessment of their conservation effectiveness across the tropics. For. Ecol. Manag. 2012, 268,
6-17. DOI
19. Blackman, A.; Corral, L.; Lima, E. S.; Asner, G. P. Titling indigenous communities protects forests in the Peruvian Amazon. Proc. Natl.
Acad. Sci. USA. 2017, 114, 4123-8. DOI PubMed PMC
20. Pfaff, A.; Robalino, J.; Sanchez-Azofeifa, G. A.; Andam, K. S.; Ferraro, P. J. Park location affects forest protection: land characteristics
cause differences in park impacts across costa rica. BE. J. Econ. Anal. Policy. 2009, 9. DOI
21. Pfaff, A.; Robalino, J.; Herrera, D.; Sandoval, C. Protected areas’ impacts on Brazilian Amazon deforestation: examining conservation –
development interactions to inform planning. PLoS. ONE. 2015, 10, e0129460. DOI PubMed PMC
22. Altieri, M.; Nicholls, C.; Montalba, R. Technological approaches to sustainable agriculture at a crossroads: an agroecological
perspective. Sustainability 2017, 9, 349. DOI
23. Torres, B.; Maza, O. J.; Aguirre, P.; Hinojosa, L.; Günter, S. Contribution of traditional agroforestry to climate change adaptation in the
Ecuadorian Amazon: the chakra system. In: Leal Filho W, editors. Handbook of climate change adaptation. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer;
2014. pp. 1-19. DOI
24. IFAD; Climate Policy Initiative (CPI). Examining the climate finance gap for small-scale agriculture. London, UK: Climate Policy
Initiative (CPI), 2020. Available from: https://www.ifad.org/en/web/knowledge/-/publication/examining-the-climate-finance-gap-for-sm
all-scale-agriculture [Last accessed on 29 Apr 2026].
25. Berg, T.; Nieto, E. A.; Moura, S.; et al. Socio-ecological conflict in Quilombola territory: land titling and ecosystem health. Sustain. Sci.
2025, 20, 903-18. DOI
