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Zhen et al. Carbon Footprints 2024;3:7 https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/cf.2023.50 Page 9 of 17

Figure 5. Descriptive statistical results of satisfaction with photovoltaic (A), maintenance frequency in the previous year (B),
participation of village committees (C), installation policy awareness (D), promotion of village level policies (E).

install the distributed PV system admitted their confusion about the actual situation, which caused them to
hesitate to a large extent.

Regional disparities in installation
Due to regional differences in policy communication, local promotion, and other factors, the development
of distributed PV for rural households varies greatly between towns and villages. Previous studies have
shown that policy tools and publicity guidance positively affect farmers’ willingness to adopt clean
[38]
energy , and our research results also reflect the impact of such factors on photovoltaic installation in
different villages and towns. On the one hand, the effectiveness of PV-related policies on local
communication is different, which may lead to differences in the number and type of policy guidance
received by each village and village committee, resulting in differences in the actual PV installation
situation. According to the survey results, the average photovoltaic penetration rate of villages and towns
with clear documents guiding the development of village photovoltaic and the provision of residential
photovoltaic subsidies reached 5.6% and 5.4%, respectively, while the average photovoltaic penetration rate
of villages and towns without relevant subsidies or documents is only 1.6% and 0.7% [Figure 5E].

Table 2 lists the policy communication and propaganda of the village committee of typical villages. It can be
seen that the more complete the photovoltaic-related policy documents of the villages and towns, the higher
the proportion of photovoltaic installation. On the other hand, there are also differences in the policy
publicity of village committees in different regions. In villages where village committees engaged in public
advocacy - a practice observed in 46.2% of the sample - the photovoltaic installation rate reached 5.8%,
higher than the average across all sampled villages, reflecting that the propaganda of village committees
bears the potential to foster photovoltaic systems adoption. As shown in Table 2, through typical villages, we
can intuitively find that villages that take more measures in policy promotion and advocacy are more likely
to increase the installation of PV in villages.