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Xu et al. Cancer Drug Resist 2024;7:13 https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/cdr.2023.141 Page 9 of 14

Table 2. CircRNAs associated with TNBC survival prognosis
CircRNAs Roles TNBC patients Expression Survival Clinicopathological characteristics Ref.
CircCAPG Oncogenic 132 Up OS Tumor size, lymph node metastasis and TNM stage [76]
CircEGFR Oncogenic 38 Up OS, DFS No correlation [39]
CircDNAJC11 Oncogenic 269 Up OS TNM stage [108]
CircFGFR4 Oncogenic 60 Up OS Tumor size [43]
CircCREIT Antitumor 244 Down OS Pathological grade, lymph node metastasis and tumor size [97]
CircTBC1D14 Oncogenic 237 Up OS Tumor size, Ki67 expression, lymph node metastasis, [109]
and distant metastasis
CircPTK2 Oncogenic 45 Up OS Not analyzed [51]
Circ_0000977 Antitumor 82 Down DFS Tumor size and age [110]
CircWAC Oncogenic 90 Up OS No correlation [57]
Circ_0044234 Antitumor 87 Down DFS Lymph node metastasis, Ki67 expression, [111]
and histological grade
CircERBB2 Oncogenic 82 Up OS TNM stage and lymph node metastasis [56]
CircWHSC1 Oncogenic 65 Up OS Not analyzed [38]
Circ 102229 Oncogenic 72 Up OS Tumor size, lymph node metastasis and TNM stage [61]
CircNR3C2 Antitumor 60 Down RFS Not analyzed [58]
CircSEPT9 Oncogenic 80 Up OS TNM stage [112]
CircUSP42 Antitumor 30 Down OS, DFS Lymph node metastasis and clinical stage [113]
CircGNB1 Oncogenic 222 Up OS, DFS Tumor size and clinical stage [114]
Circ 0131242 Oncogenic 120 Up OS Tumor size and TNM stages [115]
Circ-HER2 Oncogenic 59 Up OS Not analyzed [79]
CircPGAP3 Oncogenic 86 Up OS, DFS Tumor size, lymph node metastasis and TNM stage [64]
CircUBE2D2 Oncogenic 66 Up OS Not analyzed [41]
CircRAD18 Oncogenic 126 Up OS T stage, tumor size and clinical stage [116]
CircFBXW7 Antitumor 473 Down OS, DFS Tumor size and lymph node metastasis [11]
CircTADA2A-E6 Antitumor 115 Up OS, DFS Lymphatic metastasis and clinical stage [117]
Circ 069718 Oncogenic 35 Up OS TNM stage, lymph node metastasis [118]
CircAHNAK1 Antitumor 136 Down OS, DFS Tumor size, lymph node metastasis, and TNM stage [119]
CircITCH Antitumor 91 Down OS Tumor size, lymph node metastasis and TNM stage [120]
CircKIF4A Oncogenic 240 Up OS, DFS Tumor size, lymph node metastasis and TNM stage [121]
CircPLK1 Oncogenic 240 Up OS, DFS Tumor size, lymph node metastasis [65]
CircANKS1B Oncogenic 165 Up OS Lymph node metastasis and TNM stage [122]
CircUBAP2 Oncogenic 78 Up OS Tumor size, lymph node metastasis and TNM stage [52]
CircEPSTI1 Oncogenic 240 Up OS, DFS Tumor size, lymph node metastasis and TNM stage [67]
CircGFRA1 Oncogenic 222 Up OS, DFS Tumor size, TNM stage, lymph node metastasis [123]
and histological grade
CircIFI30 Oncogenic 78 Up OS Age, histological grade and clinical stage [63]
TNBC: Triple-negative breast cancer; OS: overall survival; DFS: disease-free survival.

Accumulating evidence suggests that circRNA is related to the survival and prognosis of TNBC and can be
used as a biomarker to predict outcomes of the treatment, which opens up another new direction for TNBC
therapeutics in the clinic. However, many studies have shown that circRNAs are expressed with
spatiotemporal dynamics even within the same tumor, which in turn poses limitations to its use as a
therapeutic tool. Currently, there are still many issues that need further research regarding circRNAs: (1)
although circRNAs play a significant role in TNBC tumorigenesis and development, our current
understanding of their various functions is still limited; (2) in addition to studying the specific mechanisms
of circRNA involvement in TNBC tumorigenesis and development, it is important to translate useful
experimental findings into clinical products for the benefit of breast cancer patients; and (3) research on