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Author Instructions

an eye-catching figure during the revision stage. It should summarize the content of the article in a concise graphical
form. It is recommended to use it because this can make online articles get more attention. The graphic abstract should be
submitted as a separate document in the online submission system along with the revised version. Please provide an image
with a minimum of 730 × 1,228 pixels (h × w) or proportionally more. The image should be readable at a size of 7 × 12 cm
using a regular screen resolution of 96 dpi. Preferred file types: TIFF, PSD, AI, JPG, JPEG, EPS, PNG, ZIP and PDF files.
2.3.1.5 Keywords
Three to eight keywords should be provided, which are specific to the article, yet reasonably common within the subject
discipline.

2.3.2 Main Text
Manuscripts of different types are structured with different sections of content. Please refer to Types of Manuscripts to
make sure which sections should be included in the manuscripts.

2.3.2.1 Introduction
The introduction should contain background that puts the manuscript into context, allow readers to understand why the
study is important, include a brief review of key literature, and conclude with a brief statement of the overall aim of the
work and a comment about whether that aim was achieved. Relevant controversies or disagreements in the field should be
introduced as well.
2.3.2.2 Methods
Methods should contain sufficient details to allow others to fully replicate the study. New methods and protocols should be
described in detail while well-established methods can be briefly described or appropriately cited. Experimental participants
selected, the drugs and chemicals used, the statistical methods taken, and the computer software used should be identified
precisely. Statistical terms, abbreviations, and all symbols used should be defined clearly. Protocol documents for clinical
trials, observational studies, and other non-laboratory investigations may be uploaded as supplementary materials.

2.3.2.3 Results
This section contains the findings of the study. Results of statistical analysis should also be included either as text or as
tables or figures if appropriate. Authors should emphasize and summarize only the most important observations. Data on
all primary and secondary outcomes identified in the section Methods should also be provided. Extra or supplementary
materials and technical details can be placed in supplementary documents.

2.3.2.4 Discussion
This section should discuss the implications of the findings in context of existing research and highlight limitations of the
study. Future research directions may also be mentioned.
2.3.2.5 Conclusion
It should state clearly the main conclusions and include the explanation of their relevance or importance to the field.
2.3.3 Back Matter
2.3.3.1 Acknowledgments
Anyone who contributed towards the article but does not meet the criteria for authorship, including those who provided
professional writing services or materials, should be acknowledged. Authors should obtain permission to acknowledge
from all those mentioned in the Acknowledgments section. This section is not added if the author does not have anyone to
acknowledge.

2.3.3.2 Authors’ Contributions
Each author is expected to have made substantial contributions to the conception or design of the work, or the acquisition,
analysis, or interpretation of data, or the creation of new software used in the work, or have drafted the work or substantively
revised it.
Please use Surname and Initial of Forename to refer to an author’s contribution. For example: made substantial contributions
to conception and design of the study and performed data analysis and interpretation: Salas H, Castaneda WV; performed
data acquisition, as well as provided administrative, technical, and material support: Castillo N, Young V.
If an article is single-authored, please include “The author contributed solely to the article.” in this section.

2.3.3.3 Availability of Data and Materials
In order to maintain the integrity, transparency and reproducibility of research records, authors should include this section
in their manuscripts, detailing where the data supporting their findings can be found. Data can be deposited into data
repositories or published as supplementary information in the journal. Authors who cannot share their data should state
that the data will not be shared and explain it. If a manuscript does not involve such issue, please state “Not applicable.” in
this section.