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Page 24 of 35 Xing et al. Microstructures 2023;3:2023031 https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/microstructures.2023.11

Table 2. Summary of liquid molecular separation membranes

Permeate flux
Membrane Base material Assembly method Interlayer spacing Molecular Dye rejection (%) -2 -1 -1
(L·m ·h ·bar )
[103]
uGNMs Graphene Vacuum filtration sub-1-nm DR 8, > 99 21.8
[182]
PRGO/HNTs Graphene oxide Solvent evaporation 8.87 Å RB 5, 97.9 11.3
[183]
GO(120) NFMs Graphene oxide Electro spraying 0.818 nm EB, 99.99 11.13
[14]
c-GO/PAN Graphene oxide Vacuum filtration 7.6/7.15 Å DR 80, > 99 78.5-117.2
[184]
MCM0.6-75 MXene Suction filtration 1.41 nm Methylene blue, 100 44.97
[185]
HGM30 Graphene oxide Vacuum filtration 0.77 nm rhodamine B (RhB), 99.30 89.6
[186]
MXene/GO-B MXene & graphene oxide Vacuum filtration 5 Å Brilliant blue, 100 0.23
[187]
GO/MXene Graphene oxide & MXene Filtration 7.3 Å-14.5 Å Chrysoidine G, ~ 97 71.9
[188]
MXene/GO MXene & graphene oxide Vacuum filtration 12.7 Å Methylene blue, 98.56 16.69
[189]
10%MXene@CA MXene)/cellulose acetate Casting ~ 6.68 Å Rhodamine B, 92 256
[190]
21% Ag@MXene MXene Vacuum filtration 2.1 Å Rhodamine B, 79.93 420

permeability of > 2,200 Barrer and H /CO selectivity of > 160, demonstrating excellent eventual commercialization potential [Figure 10C] . Carbon
[164]
2
2
neutrality has become a hot topic in recent years. The separation of CO /N is a prerequisite for CO capture, leading to the successful synthesis of organic
2
2
2
matter from CO . Zhou et al. cross-linked piperazine with GO, resulting in a membrane with a high affinity for CO , thus significantly improving the
2
2
[165]
separation efficiency of CO /N [Figure 10D] . The separation of hydrogen isotopes is vital for medical diagnosis and treatment. Lozada-Hidalgo et al.
2
2
[166]
reported that graphene monolayers and BN membranes could separate hydrogen ion isotopes with a separation factor of about 10 . For a better comparison
of related membranes, a summary of gas separation membranes is shown in Table 3.
Ion sieving
Recently, researchers have paid increasing attention to high-performance ion sieve membranes in addition to traditional separation methods. Membranes with

various properties are required to meet the different needs of ion sieve membranes for applications such as water desalination, microcurrent, hydrogen
production, and energy storage.

In seawater desalination, stringent channel dimensions are necessary, with nanochannels often needing to be sub-nanometers in size to achieve ultra-high
desalination efficiency. Chen et al. reported a graphene desalination membrane with sub-nanopores that achieved 99.99% NaCl rejection with an ultrafast

water flux combined with evaporation methods [Figure 10E] . In energy storage applications, ion sieve membranes are often used as diaphragms, where
[167]
excellent ionic conductivity and electrical insulation are required. Ghazi et al. synthesize a MoS /celgard separator with outstanding lithium ion passage and
2
polysulfide retention capacity, which can effectively inhibit the shuttle effect in lithium-sulfur batteries, significantly improving the battery performance .
[168]