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Xing et al. Microstructures 2023;3:2023031 https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/microstructures.2023.11 Page 23 of 35

Figure 10. Liquid-molecule separation performance in representative applications. (A) Rejection rates of various dyes (i.e., Liquid
solvent-Molecular solute separation) on an anti-swelling MXene-based membrane [162] . Copyright 2022, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. (B)
Separation performance of various alcohols to H O (i.e., Liquid-liquid separation) on a 2D-interspacing-narrowed graphene oxide
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membrane [163] . Copyright 2017, Springer Nature. Gas separation performance in representative applications. (C) Simulation diagram of
highly efficient gas separation on MXene molecular sieving membranes [164] . Copyright 2018, Springer Nature. (D) Highly efficient CO 2
capture performance on ultrathin graphene oxide-based hollow fiber membranes with brush-like CO -philic agent [165] . Copyright 2017,
2
Springer Nature. Ion sieving performance in representative applications. (E) Ultrafast water flux of a graphene desalination membrane
with 99.99% NaCl rejection rate at different feed temperatures [167] . Copyright 2021, Elsevier B.V. (F) Fast and selective lithium-ion
transport performance on an oriented UiO-67 Metal-Organic Framework membrane [170] . Copyright 2022, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

membranes . And by tuning the ratio of polymer and MXene, different sizes of nanochannels can be
[162]
obtained for separating different hydrated molecules [Figure 10A]. Xing et al. reported a separation
membrane that can adjust the size of nanochannels by operating pressure, which can retain 99.9% of
hydrated dye molecules under a small operating pressure and 51.8% of the hydrated ions under a large
operating pressure . Liquid-liquid separation plays a pivotal role in chemical production. Qi et al. reported
[14]
a GO-based nanochannel membrane with an interlayer channel size between water and methanol
molecules, which can effectively separate methanol-water mixtures with a high separation efficiency of
[163]
99.89 wt.% [Figure 10B] . For a better comparison of related membranes, a summary of liquid molecular
separation membranes is shown in Table 2.

Gas separation
Unlike other separations, gas separation is more sensitive to adsorption and desorption on membrane
surfaces, requiring smaller nanochannels than other separation systems used throughout many industries,
such as methane reforming, CO capture, and hydrogen purification. Therefore, Controlling the
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nanochannel size and modifying the surface is essential.

The preparation of high-performance hydrogen purification membranes has become critical for
constraining hydrogen energy to replace fossil dyes in catalytic hydrogen production processes. Ding et al.
prepared a two-position separation membrane with a nanochannel size ~ 0.35 nm, which possesses H
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