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Page 14 of 27 Yang et al. Microstructures 2023;3:2023013 https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/microstructures.2022.30

Table 2. Summary of electrochemical performance of Bi-based anodes for PIBs

Redox Current Initial capacity Initial
Anode Modification Synthesis potential Density (potassiation) depotassiation 1st Cycling Best rate Electrolyte Ref.
materials methods method (vs.K/K ) (mA g ) (mAh g ) (mAh g ) CE performance capability
+
-1
-1
-1
-1
Bi/rGO Bi/rGO Hybridized with Simple room- 1.29 V 50 700 441 63% Reversible capacity 290 mAh g 1 M KFSI in [59]
-1
graphene temperature 0.72-0.23 of 290 mAh g after after 50 cycles EC/DEC (1:1,
solution synthesis V 50 cycles at current at current v/v)
-1
method density of 50 mA g density of 50
-1
mA g
Porous Bi Nanostructural Commercial 0.93-0.30 2C 371.4 322 87.2% After 300 cycles, At 3C, the 1 M KPF in [58]
6
design V the capacity capacity is still DME.
remained at 282 high at up to
-1 -1
mAh g 321.9 mAh g
-1
Bi@3DGFs Hybridized with 3D Solid-state reaction 0.4-0.5 V 100 671 241 36% 185.2 mAh g at 10 Rate capability 1 M KPF in [63]
6
-1 -1
porous 0.6-0.7 V A g after 2000 of 180 mAh g DME
-1
graphene/design of cycles at 50 A g
2D nanostructure
Bi-doped Hybridized with Wet / 200 656 382 58.2% High capacity 0.8 M KPF in [64]
6
-1
porous porous chemistry/thermal of 107 mAh g EC/DEC
-1
carbon carbon/design of treatment at 20 A g
nanostructure
-1
Bi nanorod/ Hybridized with Wet 0.2-0.5 V 1000 723 470 65% 91% capacity 289 mA h g 1 M KPF in [74]
6
-1
carbon carbon chemistry/thermal retention at 5 A g at current DME
treatment after 1000 cycles density of 6 A
-1
g
-1 -1
Bi nanorod/ Hybridized with Thermal method 0.3-0.5 V 385 450 316 70% 266 mA h g over 297 mA h g at 1 M KPF in [66]
6
N-doped carbon/design of 1000 cycles at 10C 20C DME
carbon nanostructure
-1 -1
Bi@N-doped Hybridized with N- Wet 0.3-0.5 V 1000 721 346 48% 180 mAh g at 30 A 175 mAh g at 1 M KPF in [65]
-1 -1 6
carbon doped chemistry/thermal g after 1000 cycles 30 A g DME
nanosheets carbon/design of treatment
nanostructure
-1 -1
Bi@N-doped Hybridized with N- Evaporation method 0.25-0.81 50 624 373 59.7% 179.1 mAh g at 50 162 mA h g at 1 M KFSI in [75]
-1 -1
carbon doped V mA g after 300 1.5 A g DME
carbon/design of cycles
nanostructure
-1 -1
Multicore- Hybridized with Solvothermal 0.77-0.32 1000 972 355 36.5% 235 mAh g after 152 mAh g at 1 M KPF in [76]
-1 6
shell Bi@N- Carbon/design of method/ Thermal V 2000 cycles at 10 A 100 A g DME
-1
C nanostructure treatment g