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Liu et al. Microstructures 2023;3:2023009 https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/microstructures.2022.29 Page 9 of 11

the grain size of the sample decreases to 2.1 μm, accompanied by dense and homogeneous microstructure.
3
The 0.85NN-0.15CZ ceramics showed comprehensive energy storage performance of W = 5.4 J/cm and
rec
η = 82% under an ultrahigh breakdown electric field of 68 kV/mm. The excellent energy storage
performance is believed to originate from the small grain size, dense and homogeneous microstructure,
superparaelectric state with fast polarization response, and delayed polarization saturation relating to the
large oxygen octahedron tilt. The results of this work indicate that 0.85NN-0.15CZ ceramics exhibit colossal
application potential in the field of dielectric energy storage.

DECLARATIONS
Authors’ contributions
Experiment, characterization, writing original draft: Liu G
Review & editing, supervision: Qi H, Chen L
Conceptualization, review, supervision: Qi H

Availability of data and materials
Not applicable.

Financial support and sponsorship
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 52172181 and
22105017).

Conflicts of interest
All authors declared that there are no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval and consent to participate
Not applicable.

Consent for publication
Not applicable.

Copyright
© The Author(s) 2023.

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