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Liu et al. Microstructures 2023;3:2023009 https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/microstructures.2022.29 Page 7 of 11

Figure 3. (A) Domain morphology of 0.85NN-0.15CZ ceramic. Lattice fringes and SAED patterns of 0.85NN-0.15CZ ceramic along
(B and D) [100] , and (C and E) [111] .
c c

Figure 4. (A) Atomic-resolution HAADF-STEM polarization vector image and (B) polarization displacement distribution mappings along
[100] . c

repeatable double P-E loop, quite low energy efficiency can also be found owing to the large hysteresis
caused by the first order antiferroelectric-ferroelectric phase transition. An obvious increase in both energy
storage density and efficiency can be detected with the entrance of relaxor ferroelectric phase zone of
x > 0.1, accompanied by the generation of slim P-E loops. Moreover, energy efficiency tends to increase with
increasing relaxor behavior. Thus a good balance with both large W and η can be commonly realized in
rec
superparaelectrics. Figure 5A shows the P-E loops and energy storage properties of 0.85NN-0.15CZ ceramic
under various electric fields. It is found that P and P gradually increase when the electric field is applied
r
max
from 2 kV/mm to 68 kV/mm, showing the characteristic of relaxor ferroelectric. As the electric field