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Page 10 of 12 Mestres et al. Vessel Plus 2019;3:38 I http://dx.doi.org/10.20517/2574-1209.2019.20

THE FUTURE
The future in Cardiac Surgery must contemplate impactful changes to allow the surgeon to continue its
regular high-quality practice in cardiovascular disease. A number of issues to consider in this, already
here, future can be summarized as follows:

1. Modification of the training process
(1) Redesign of curriculum and syllabus;
(2) Training in cardiovascular imaging;
(3) Structured training in coronary angiography and interventional procedures;
(4) Acquisition of specific skills for catheter-based interventions;
(5) Mandatory simulation training;

2. Support innovation
(1) Allocate departmental resources to enhance pooling of ideas;
(2) Support departmental/institutional basic and clinical research (back to the basis);
(3) Mandatory training in the animal laboratory;

CONCLUSION
Cardiac Surgery is a Specialty in continuous evolution. Since the introduction of the HLM, which allowed
for the correction of intracardiac and extracardiac defects of all kinds, significant changes have been
introduced in the surgical practice.

The current scenario, with the consolidation of transcatheter therapies in the treatment of structural
heart disease, represents a challenge to conventional surgical practice. The evolution of Cardiac Surgery
must include a redesign of the training of current and future specialist and a transformation of the
daily practice. Conventional surgery and transcatheter procedures are to be routinely scheduled with no
differentiation within the surgical team.

This needs an adaptive change, with an intellectual transformation to understand the importance of
incorporating a different type of training and practice.

DECLARATIONS
Authors’ contributions
Researched data for the article, discussed its content, and wrote, reviewed, and edited the manuscript:
Mestres CA
Researched data for the article, and wrote, reviewed, and edited the manuscript: Pozzoli A
Discussed the content and reviewed and edited the manuscript before submission: Taramasso M, Zuber M,
Maisano F

Availability of data and materials
Not applicable.

Financial support and sponsorship
None.

Conflicts of interest
All authors declared that there are no conflicts of interest.