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Page 2 of 13 Kumar et al. Vessel Plus 2019;3:35 I http://dx.doi.org/10.20517/2574-1209.2019.006

INTRODUCTION
The innovation of technology in the field of medical and cardiovascular implantation has increased
the demand for metal-free restoration and has led to the growth of innovative alternative materials.
Biomaterials are frequently used for clinical applications in cardiovascular implantation, dental implants,
heart valves, coated hip implants, surgery and for drug delivery “A biomaterial is a non-viable material
[1]
used in a medical device proposed to interact with biological systems” .

[2]
Cardiovascular artery disease is the most universal cause of death in the globe . Around 2300 Americans die
of coronary disease daily, the average of one death for every 38 s. Every year there are more than 17.9 million
of deaths, is projected to rise to 23.6 million deaths by 2030. The total direct and indirect clinical costs of
[3]
cardiovascular disease are likely to increase to 749 billion $ by 2035 .

Cardiovascular disease occurs when excess of cholesterol attach to the blood vessels wall, causing coronary
[4]
artery disease (CAD) . There are different measures are available to revascularise a jammed vessel,
[3]
including bypass surgery, atherectomy, angioplasty and coronary stenting .
Forty years ago, coronary artery bypass surgery was the trendy revascularization action used to cure
[5,6]
blocked CAD. Regular coronary closures occur and thus urgent surgery was essential . Compared to
other possible treatments stenting shows some advantages, has less complications, less pain and also has
faster recovery. Therefore, the use of stents in cardiovascular activities has quickly improved from 10% to
over 80% in current practice .
[7]

The present problem in cardiovascular field is that, Co-Cr L605 alloy stent implant has higher modulus
of elasticity; owing to higher level of stresses developing in stent expansion which affects the coronary
artery, hence chances of vessel damage is very high. In addition, the alloy has very poor plasticity and
machinability. Further the presence of Nickel in Co-Cr L605 alloy is a risky aspect from the point of view
[8]
of allergic problems .
Polyether ether ketone (PEEK) boasts of outstanding fatigue resistance and toughness. The Young’s
modulus is extremely close to that of the bone. It is available for implantable devices viz cardiovascular,
dental, orthopedics and spine applications. In addition, PEEK offers several advantages over metals, were
excellent biocompatibility, chemical resistance, and superior in machinability, low co-efficient of friction,
lessening of stress shielding.

[9]
Ortega-Martínez et al. have studied and recommended PEEK is an alternative material for medical
implants because of several advantages over metals. The drawbacks of metals include high elastic modulus
which causes high stress, allergies, and radiopacity. Guo et al. have investigated and suggested application
[10]
of PEEK used as medical implants because of high modulus of elasticity (approximately equal to human
bone), and high strength. The excellent biocompatibility and chemical resistance makes PEEK an attractive
[11]
alternative compared to other biomaterials. Pargaonkar et al. have made comparison between different
biomaterials and suggested that PEEK is the excellent biomaterial for medical devices. It has superior
biocompatibility, chemically and physically stable, radiolucent and Young’s modulus is similar to bone.
[12]
Sagomonyants et al. have conducted cytocompatibility and mineralization in vitro studies on pure
Titanium alloys and PEEK polymer, and recommended unfilled grade PEEK can propose a versatile base
material for medical implants. Since the conventional material such Titanium alloy can release metal and
ion debris resulting in blocking the implant area and stress shielding.

By comparison with costly experiments performed in laboratories and hospitals, numerical simulation
performed by computers offer benefits of both cost and flexibility. This research article aims to modeling