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(2019) management of Indigenous and single centre; 2010-2015 Indigenous patients Indigenous patients with stroke were 15.8 years younger have a higher prevalence of
non-Indigenous patients with IS admitted to a single centre (56.8 years vs. 72.6 years, P < 0.001), and were more likely preventable disease, including those
to national stroke standards with an IS to have risk factors for stroke, including smoking (51.2% vs. that confer a higher stroke risk
15.0 %, P < 0.001), diabetes mellitus (37.2% vs. 16.8%, P =
0.003) and past history of CVA or TIA (50.2% vs. 31.1%, P
= 0.032)
[41]
Dos Santos et al. To estimate the difference in Prospective cohort study; 1843 patients, 2.5% Indigenous patients were younger (62 years vs. 74 years), Indigenous Australians with stroke are
(2020) stroke recognition, risk factors, single centre; 2012-2017 Indigenous and more likely to have diabetes (RD: 22.3% [95%CI: 3%, a decade younger and have a higher
treatment rates and outcomes 41.7%]), dyslipidaemia (RD: 19.4% [95%CI: 21.%, prevalence of important, modifiable
between Indigenous and non- 36.7%]), and have ever smoked (RD: 24.9% [95%CI: stroke risk factors
Indigenous peoples at a single 9.5%, 40.3%])
centre
[52]
He et al. (2015) Compare stroke recurrence and Retrospective cohort 2105 patients, 43.9% In multivariable analyses, adjusting for comorbidities Some of the excess risk of death
role of comorbidities in adverse study; single centre; Indigenous Indigenous patients’ excess risk for both case fatality (OR: following a stroke was attributable to a
stroke outcomes (recurrence and 1996-2011 1.25, 0.88-1.78) and long-term death (HR: 1.27, 1.01-1.61) greater prevalence of comorbidities
death) between Indigenous and was considerably reduced (when compared to unadjusted
non-Indigenous Australians analyses
[40]
Kilkenny et al. Compare guideline-directed care Australian national stroke 305 patients, 18% Smoking, diabetes mellitus and excessive alcohol Indigenous patients with stroke had
(2013) and outcomes in Indigenous and audit, data from 33 Indigenous, age-restricted consumption were greater in Indigenous patients admitted worse health outcomes even after
non-Indigenous patients admitted hospitals; 2009 from 18-64 years to hospital with stroke than in non-Indigenous patients adjusting for hospital site, age, risk
with acute stroke factors (diabetes mellitus, smoking,
alcohol), stroke severity variables
(speech impairment, incontinent
within 72 h), stroke subtype, and
access to a stroke unit
Katzenellenbogen To determine the prevalence of State-wide linked hospital 13591 cases, 5% Indigenous Indigenous stroke survivors aged less than 70 years had a Whilst primary prevention can reduce
[36]
et al. (2014) hospitalized stroke and coexistent and mortality data 2007- greater comorbidity burden than non-Indigenous patients disparities in incidence and prevalence,
conditions in Indigenous and non- 2011 of the same age the wider solutions lie in tackling
Indigenous people in Western environmental, social and economic
Australia disadvantage

Canada
[5]
Anand et al. To determine which factors, Population-based study 1302 participants, all First More than 85% of individuals had a risk score in the Communities with greater
(2019) account for the variations in from 8 First Nations Nations moderate to high range socioeconomic advantage (greater
cardiovascular risk (determined communities, cross- employment, higher income and long-
[53]
by the INTERHEART risk sectional analysis; 2013- term marital partnerships), greater
score) in First Nations 2018 trust between community members,
communities in Canada higher education levels and supportive
environments had a lesser burden of
cardiovascular risk factors
[26]
Hu et al. (2019) To describe the cardiovascular Two cross-sectional IHS; 2070 Inuit adults (20- Inuit females had greater prevalence of heart attack (3.1% Canadian Inuit, in comparison to the
health profile of Canadian Inuit, in surveys (Inuit 79 years). CHMS; 3464 vs. 1.8%), stroke (2.2% vs. 1.0%), diabetes (14.6% vs. general Canadian population, have
comparison to the general communities -HIS; 2007- Canadian adults (20-79 9.0%), obesity (35.8% vs. 24.2%), HTN (7.5% vs. 2.5%) different health profiles and a greater
Canadian population 2008) and (general years). To compare results than non-Inuit females burden of cardiovascular diseases
Canadian population - between the IHS and Inuit males had a higher prevalence of stroke (2.1% vs.
CHMS; 2007-2009 and CHMS, age-standardized 0.8%) and HTN (12.2% vs. 2.5%) than non-Inuit males
2012-2013) estimates were calculated Inuit males and females had better blood lipid profile than