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Table 1. Cardiovascular risk factors in Indigenous populations in the world

Country/Ref. Aim Study design Sample Results Conclusions

United States
[44]
Nakagawa et al. Evaluate disparities in CVD risk Retrospective; single 1921 patients hospitalised NHPI were more likely to be younger (OR: 0.95, 95%CI: Disparities could be attributable to
(2013) factors among Asians and NHPI tertiary centre; 2004- with ischaemic stroke. 0.94-0.96), female (OR: 1.55, 95%CI: 1.07-2.24), and have biological and social determinants of
compared with Whites, 2010 (NHPI 20%, Asians 53%, diabetes (OR: 2.74, 95%CI: 1.87-4.00), hypertension (OR: disease
hospitalised with IS in Hawaii Whites 24%, and Others 1.98, 95%CI: 1.27-3.10), and obesity (OR: 1.82, 95%CI:
3%) 1.25-2.65) than Whites. Compared with Asians, NHPI were
more likely to be younger (OR: 0.95, 95%CI: 0.94-0.97)
and have diabetes (OR: 1.88, 95%CI: 1.35-2.61), previous
stroke or TIA (OR: 1.57, 95%CI: 1.09-2.25), and obesity
(OR: 6.05, 95%CI: 4.31-8.48)
[46]
Nakagawa et al. Evaluate disparities in CVD risk Retrospective; single 562 patients hospitalised NHPI were younger (NHPI 55 years vs. White 66 years, P < NHPI with ICH are younger and have a
(2012) factors among NHPI hospitalised tertiary centre; 2004- for acute ICH (Asian 63%, 0.0001), and had higher prevalence of diabetes (NHPI 35% greater burden of risk factors
with ICH 2010 NHPI 18%, White 16%, vs. White 20%, P = 0.01) and history of HTN (NHPI 77% compared to White patients
other 3%) vs. White 64%, P = 0.04) than White patients
[47]
Nakagawa et al. Compare clinical characteristics Retrospective; single 561 patients (57% NH and PI were younger (59 years vs. 62 years, P = 0.002), higher Whilst differences were seen, they
(2015) between NH and PI hospitalised tertiary centre; 2006- 43% PI) prevalence of diabetes mellitus (58% vs. 41%, P < 0. 0001) were not as significant as seen in other
with IS 2012 and lower prevalence of smoking (14% vs. 21%, P = 0.03) studies comparing Native Hawaiians to
compared to NH a non-Hispanic population
[37]
Owolabi et al. Compared characteristics and SIREN is a large 1928 included, 811 were IA, IA were younger (68) compared with AA (73) and even They concluded that race played a
(2017) risk factors of stroke in IA in West multinational case- 452 AA and 665 EA younger than EA (76) P < 0.0001. IA were much more major role in the predisposition of
[48]
Africa (SIREN study) with control study in West likely to have haemorrhagic strokes than EA (IA 27%, AA vascular risk factors whilst
strokes in AA and EA in the Africa. REGARDS is a 8%, EA 5.4%, P < 0.001). IA and AA had a greater geographical location potentially
[
United States (REGARDS study) cohort study in the prevalence of hypertension, high cholesterol and diabetes influenced stroke type
49]
United States mellitus
Chile
[50]
Soto et al. Estimate the magnitude of the Incident case control- 208 patients, 104 cases No detectable difference in the association between Risk factors for stroke included obesity,
(2019) association between Mapuche paired study with patients admitted with stroke Mapuche ethnicity and stroke (OR: 0.84, 95%CI: 0.46-1.51, hypertension and smoking, but
ethnicity and stroke occurrence hospitalised in a single matched with 104 controls P = 0.55). Ethnicity was not a factor associated with stroke Mapuche ethnicity was not a risk
centre between 2017- without stroke. Within the when adjusted for hypertension, obesity, low factor
2018 cases, 27.9% were socioeconomic status, rurality, diabetes mellitus and
Mapuche compared with smoking
32.7% of the controls
Ecuador
[51]
Del Brutto et al. To assess which risk factors are Population-based case- 642 residents aged 40+ The only difference detected in the cardiovascular risk The authors concluded that none of
(2014) associated with the occurrence of control study in a single years, with 24 cases of factor profile was that cases undertook less physical the measured risk factors were
vascular events (stroke and region; 2013 vascular events and 96 activity than controls (OR: 2.8, 95%CI: 1.2-4.3, P < 0.0001) associated with the occurrence of
ischaemic heart disease) in matched controls vascular events
natives/Mestizos living in rural
coastal Ecuador
Australia
[42]
Tiedeman et al. To compare investigations and Historical cohort study; 43 Indigenous and 167 non- Compared to non-Indigenous patients with stroke, Indigenous patients within rural NSW