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interpretation, or the scientific content of the work. All authors take full responsibility for the accuracy,
integrity, and final content of the manuscript.

Financial support and sponsorship
None.
Conflicts of interest
Wang, J. is the Advisory Editor Member in the Soft Science. Ding, S. is the Guest Editor of the Special Topic
“Integrated Wearable Devices for Energy Management and Health Monitoring” in the Soft Science. They had
no involvement in the review or editorial process of this manuscript, including but not limited to reviewer
selection, evaluation, or the final decision, while the other authors have declared that they have no conflicts
of interest.

Ethical approval and consent to participate
Not applicable.

Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Copyright
© The Author(s) 2026.

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