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Page 4 of 9 Kim et al. Soft Sci. 2026, 6, 26

Figure 2. Roadmap of wearable sensing technologies from chem-phys modalities toward integrated hybrid systems. ECG:
Electrocardiogram; EEG: electroencephalography; EOG: electrooculography; EDA: electrodermal activity.

drug response assessment in neurological disorders [33,34] . Building on these developments, autonomous
fingertip wearable microgrid platforms have unified sweat-powered energy harvesting, storage, and
multi-analyte biochemical sensing within a miniaturized system for continuous, self-sustained monitoring .
[28]
Subsequent platforms further integrated wireless transmission and algorithm-assisted analysis for 24-hour
biomarker monitoring, including uric acid . Collectively, these advances demonstrate how sweat-based
[35]
wearable chemical sensors are evolving toward longitudinal system-level monitoring of metabolism and
therapy response in everyday life.

Multi-modal wearable sensor systems
Hybrid wearable systems that simultaneously integrate biochemical sensing with physical vital-sign
monitoring have emerged as a practical solution for continuous, home-based health surveillance in aging
populations [Figure 2]. Early work demonstrated the feasibility of co-locating chemical and
electrophysiological sensors within a single epidermal patch, enabling simultaneous sweat lactate monitoring
and ECG recording without signal crosstalk . This proof-of-concept established that metabolic and cardiac
[36]
domains can be jointly monitored in a skin-conformal format suitable for prolonged wear. More recently, an
AI-assisted physicochemical electronic skin expanded this concept by simultaneously tracking multiple sweat
metabolites and electrolytes alongside pulse waveform, skin temperature, and galvanic skin response,
enabling robust long-term multimodal monitoring of systemic stress responses .
[37]