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Cheng et al. Soft Sci. 2026, 6, 36 Page 13 of 15
cortisone, urea, corticosterone, creatinine (Crea), and prednisolone were sequentially added to PBS solutions,
no significant signal changes were detected. Subsequently, upon the final addition of cortisol to a
concentration of 10 μmol/L, a significant signal change was detected in the solution containing the mixture
of interferents. This result demonstrates that the presence of these mixed interferents does not hinder the
sensor’s ability to detect the target analyte. The sensor demonstrates good selectivity toward cortisol, with
negligible interference responses from common sweat constituents and structural analogs, indicating its
promising potential for application in sweat-based real-time stress management .
[37]
Benefiting from the one-step electrospinning fabrication, the dual-function core-shell NiHCF-MIP nanocube
probes are uniformly embedded within a three-dimensional nanofiber network, endowing the sensing fiber
with enhanced mechanical stability and long-term durability. In terms of mechanical robustness, the current
response of the sensing fiber was measured under bending angles of 0°, 30°, 60°, and 90°, during which the
signal remained largely stable, with a relative standard deviation (RSD) of 1.3% [Figure 5H]. In parallel, the
stability of the sensing fiber was further evaluated by monitoring its current response over a period of 10
days. The results indicated that the fiber retained 80% of its initial current response after this period,
demonstrating excellent long-term durability [Figure 5I].
CONCLUSIONS
This study offers a synergistic framework that connects nanostructure engineering with scalable fabrication
for high-performance wearable biosensing textiles. At the material level, the core-shell NiHCF-MIP NCs
integrate specific molecular recognition and efficient electrochemical signal transduction into a single
functional unit. At the device fabrication level, the one-step conjugate electrospinning technique enables
continuous, high-yield production of functional coaxial yarns. This demonstrates a commercially viable
pathway. The resulting sensing textiles combine excellent conductivity, mechanical flexibility, and rapid fluid
uptake. These properties are essential for practical wearability. Thus, by integrating dual-function
nanomaterials with continuous manufacturing, our proposed strategy creates a robust and scalable platform.
This platform holds significant potential for advancing real-time, non-invasive personal health monitoring,
particularly in applications such as continuous stress assessment and telehealth.
DECLARATIONS
Authors’ contributions
Made substantial contributions to conception and design of the study: Cheng, J.; Zhao, Z.; Chen, W.
Performed data analysis and interpretation and wrote the manuscript: Cheng, J.; Hou, N.; Wang T.; Zhao, Z.
Performed data acquisition, as well as provided administrative, technical, and material support: Zhao Z.;
Chen, W.
Availability of data and materials
The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable
request.
AI and AI-assisted tools statement
Not applicable.
Financial support and sponsorship
The authors were supported by the HJ Program Research Funding Support from the National Natural
Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 24210005-N); National Natural Science Foundation of China
(Grant No. 21975214); Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.
LQN26B030009); Science Foundation of Zhejiang Sci-Tech University (Grant Nos. 23212091-Y and
24212217-Y). The authors extend their gratitude to Mr. Deyo Chen (from Scientific Compass www.shiyanjia.
com) for providing assistance with the TEM HRTEM image analysis.
