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Page 6 of 16 Sun et al. Soft Sci. 2025, 5, 35 https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/ss.2025.21

Figure 2. TEM images of (A) FCNZ-500, (B) FCNZ-600 and (C) FCNZ-700; (D) HRTEM image of FCNZ-600; (E-G) FFT patterns
corresponding to the red solid frames 1-3; [E(i), E(ii), F(i), F(ii), G(i)] The enlarged image of the region (red solid frame 1-3) in panels
(E-G); (H) Element mapping distribution of FCNZ-600. TEM: Transmission electron microscope; HRTEM: high resolution transmission
electron microscopy; FFT: fast Fourier transform.

718.4 and 732.2 eV are associated with Fe . In the Co 2p spectrum [Figure 3F], the peaks at 778.7 and
3+
0
793.4 eV represent 2p and 2p of Co , while the signals at 780.9 and 796.7 eV correspond to Co 2p and
2+
3/2
3/2
1/2
2p , accompanied by satellite peaks at 785.6 and 802.3 eV . For Ni [Figure 3G], the 2p peaks at 853.1 and
[40]
1/2
870.2 eV represent 2p and 2p of Ni , while the peaks at 855.9 and 874.3 eV indicate Ni 2p and 2p ,
0
2+
3/2
1/2
1/2
3/2
2+
and the satellite peaks at 861.6 and 878.7 eV are related to Ni . Figure 3H shows the Zn 2p spectrum, the
2+
peaks at 1,022.0 and 1,044.9 eV are attributed to Zn 2p and 2p 1/2 [41] . In the 3d spectrum [Figure 3I], the
3/2
signals at 444.7 and 452.3 eV are designated as In 3d and 3d . Finally, the S 2p spectrum [Figure 3J]
3+
3/2
5/2
shows S 2p and 2p at the 161.8 and 163.1 eV peak . XPS analysis indicates significant charge transfer
[42]
2-
3/2
1/2
and interactions in the interface region.