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Page 18 of 34 Yan et al. Soft Sci. 2025, 5, 8 https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/ss.2024.66

Table 3. Summary of properties of different flexible PCCs
Encapsulation technology PCM Properties Enthalpy Potential direction Refs.
MPCM Microencapsulation n- Excellent thermal 183.70 J/g Solar heating [122]
Octadecane storage
High thermal
conductivity
PAPP Photo-thermal effect 90.34 J/g Personal thermal management [123]
Electro-thermal
response
High thermal
conductivity
High electrical
High mechanical
property
PDMS/BN/PPy/PW Porous adsorption PW Mechanically flexible 172.00 J/g Thermoelectric conversion [126]
Excellent thermal
storage
Photo-thermal effect
CPC@PEG PEG Excellent thermal 152.70 J/g Wearable skin-friendly temperature- [127]
storage controlled
Mechanically flexible
CPCM PEG Excellent thermal 120.00 J/g Hyperthermia [128]
storage
High mechanical
property
Thermal stability
PCC Polymer molding PW Excellent thermal 169.50 J/g Lithium battery thermal management [132]
storage
High thermal
conductivity
High mechanical
property
Flexibility
PEG@PU-RGNP PEG High thermal 163.50 J/g Battery thermal management [133]
conductivity
High electrical
High mechanical
property
Excellent thermal
storage
TIPCM PW High mechanical 178.40 J/g Chip thermal management [134]
property
Excellent thermal
storage
Shape memory ability
Self-healing ability

PCCs: Phase change composites; PCM: phase change material; MPCM: microcapsule phase change material; PAPP: polypyrrole and
polydopamine modified microencapsulated films; PDMS: polydimethylsiloxane; BN: boron nitride; PPy: polypyrrole; PW: paraffin wax; CPC:
CS/PVA/CNTs; PEG: polyethylene glycol; CPCM: composite phase change material; PU: polyurethane; RGNP: reticulated graphite nanoparticles;
TIPCM: thermal interfacial phase change material.

body heat management. The high mid-infrared emissivity of the composite film (90.15%) allows it to
drastically lower the surface temperature (10.13 °C) in hot conditions, while only 1.5 V is needed to keep the
human body at a long-term thermal comfort temperature at night or in cold conditions. Combined with the
photothermal properties, excellent thermal storage (141.4 J/g), and thermoregulation, the human body can
achieve thermal comfort in all seasons, day or night, cold or hot. This unique Janus-type structural
composite film not only brings convenience in the field of EMI but also combines excellent thermal
management capabilities, providing a new strategy for manufacturing wearable products for the human
body. Inspired by the “brick-mortar” sandwich structure, Gong et al. used n-octadecane phase change
capsules as rigid “bricks”, MXene as “sand”, and PVA as the “cement”, and constructed flexible PCCs/
MXene/PVA (PMP) sandwich with a “brick-wall” structure by vacuum filtration . MXene/PVA
[141]