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Page 6 of 25 Hao et al. Soft Sci. 2025, 5, 39 https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/ss.2025.48

[60]
Figure 1. (A) Fabrication of RGO microspheres via wet spinning technique and corresponding SEM image of their internal structure .
Copyright 2017, Wiley-VCH GmbH; (B) Structural image of reduced graphene oxide aerogel microspheres exhibiting tree-ring-like
[63]
structures with ordered interlayer spacing . Copyright 2023, Elsevier; (C) Synthesis process and various images of small-scale
[65]
carbon/graphene hybrid aerogel microspheres . Copyright 2025, Wiley-VCH GmbH; (D) SEM image and XRD pattern of small-scale
[67]
TiAlCo ceramic microspheres . Copyright 2016, Elsevier. RGO: Reduced graphene oxide; SEM: scanning electron microscopy; XRD: X-
ray powder diffraction.
Benefiting from this characteristic, the composite demonstrated exceptional microwave absorption
performance in the X-band. Hollow glass microspheres, characterized by their miniature hollow
architecture, demonstrate exceptional microwave absorption capabilities when integrated with high-
permittivity dielectric materials, making them a prevalent choice in electromagnetic wave attenuation
applications [68,69] .

In contrast to microsphere structures, the research on mesoscopic functional units with film structures is
still in its infancy, particularly regarding film materials that combine high-loss dielectric materials with low-
loss materials to achieve processability and robust mechanical properties . As a typical conductive ceramic
[70]
material, the flexible titanium nitride (TiN) films have been employed as functional units for constructing
MSMCs. The TiN subwavelength scale films could be readily dispersed within the matrix, enabling effective
electromagnetic wave attenuation through energy dissipation . The inherent scalability of film dimensions
[71]
offers distinct advantages in the design of mesoscopic functional units, providing a new perspective for
optimizing microwave absorption performance. Block structures with irregular shapes can also function as
effective mesoscale units. For instance, Zhao et al. developed a high-entropy oxide ceramic material in