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Zheng et al. Soft Sci. 2026, 6, 32 Page 13 of 57

Figure 5. (A) Continuous wet-spinning apparatus of GOFFs. Reproduced with permission [78] , Copyright © 2024 Elsevier; (B) Actuation
stress curves of graphene/LCE composite filaments characterized across increasing applied strain for various diameters. Reproduced with
permission [42] , Copyright © 2024 John Wiley and Sons; (C) A close-up snapshot of 100-hole spinneret; (D) 100-filament GO fibers in the
plasticization bath; (E) Collection of GOFFs onto the graphite collector. (C-E) are reprinted with permission from Ref. [78] , Copyright ©
2024 Elsevier; The POM images and surface and cross SEM images of the three typical phases, including random isotropic phase (F),
concentric roll (G), and spiral coil (H). (F-H) are reprinted with permission from Ref. [52] , Copyright © 2024 Springer Nature; (I) Schematic
of the process to assemble GO sheets into a macroscopic fiber with belt-type morphology with highly oriented and ordered stacking
structure by selective edge linkage. Reproduced with permission [63] , Copyright © 2024 Springer Nature; (J) Density and orientation degree
of rGOFFs with different SRs. Reproduced with permission [78] , Copyright © 2024 Elsevier; (K) Overall properties of the fabricated GFs,
including thermal and electrical conductivities, tensile strength, and Young’s modulus. Reproduced with permission [52] , Copyright © 2024
Springer Nature; (L) Current signal response under different pressure loads; (M) Response and recovery time. (L and M) are reprinted with
permission from Ref. [56] , Copyright © 2026 Elsevier. GOFFs: Graphene oxide fiber filaments; LCE: liquid crystal elastomer; GO: graphene
oxide; POM: polarizing optical microscope; SEM: scanning electron microscope; rGOFFs: reduced graphene oxide fiber filaments; SRs:
stretching ratios; LC: liquid crystalline; RI: random isotropic; CR: concentric roll; SC: spiral coil.

theoretical direction for precisely managing the ordered state of spinning precursors . Another crucial
[52]
element in controlling the double diffusion rate and fiber structure is the solidification bath’s composition.
The solidification bath’s purpose has grown beyond simple solidification in recent years. In order to facilitate
the co-assembly and simultaneous solidification of functional nanomaterials with GO sheets, it is now used