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Figure 6. (A) Schematic diagram of the preparation process of GO@LCE fiber actuators. Reproduced with permission [82] , Copyright ©
2025 Elsevier; (B) and (C) SEM pictures of various LGF locations; (D) Stress-strain curves of c-LGF (red) and t-LGF (black). (B-D) are
reprinted with permission from Ref. [83] , Copyright © 2019 Elsevier; (E) The relationship between actuation strain and time under thermal
stimulation; (F) The relationship between actuation strain and time under light stimulation. (E and F) are reprinted with permission from
Ref. [82] , Copyright © 2025 Elsevier; (G) Electrospinning fPAANFs to synthesize fPINFs; (H) SEM images of electrospun fPAANPs or NFs
under various solution concentrations with scale bars indicating 10.0 μm. (G and H) are reprinted with permission from Ref. [84] , Copyright
© 2025 John Wiley and Sons; (I) The 3D geometric structures of GFs; (J) Photograph of GF network embedded in PDMS matrix. (I and J)
are reprinted with permission from Ref. [85] , Copyright © 2012 John Wiley and Sons; (K) The cumulative pore volume of rGO fibers obtained
using different drying conditions from the same rGO hydrogel fibers; (L) The comparison of volumetric and gravimetric capacitances of
rGO fibers determined at 2 mv·s . (K and L) are reprinted with permission from Ref. [86] , Copyright © 2020 Elsevier; (M) Schematic
-1
illustration of the fabrication process for porous GFs. Reproduced with permission [87] . Copyright © 2025 Elsevier. GO: Graphene oxide;
LCE: liquid crystal elastomer; SEM: scanning electron microscope; LGF: ultralight graphene fiber; fPAANFs: fluorinated poly(amic) acid
nanofibers; fPINFs: fluorinated polyimide nanofibers; NFs: nanofibers; GFs: graphene fibers; PDMS: polydimethylsiloxane; rGO: reduced
graphene oxide; UV: ultraviolet; NIR: near-infrared; 6FDA: 4,4′-(hexafluoroisopropylidene)diphthalic anhydride; TFB:
2,2′-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzidine; fPAA: fluorinated poly(amic) acid; SSA: specific surface area.

promote face-to-face stacking of layers, minimising interfacial energy and forming a three-dimensional
hydrogel network; and partial reduction of GO, where thermal energy eliminates some oxygen-containing
functional groups, restoring conjugated sp domains and increasing the hydrophobicity of GO sheets [Figure
2
6I and J].

The initially fluid GO sol gradually changes into structurally unique hydrogel fibers as the hydrothermal
reaction continues, and their morphology accurately mimics the capillary’s internal features. By using
capillaries with non-circular cross-sections or multi-channel designs, it is easy to create fibers with hollow,
helical, or multi-channel structures . The GO dispersion’s pH and concentration are crucial factors in this
[85]