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Zheng et al. Soft Sci. 2026, 6, 32 Page 3 of 57

Figure 1. Graphene and MXene nanosheets assembly for smart textiles: (A) The ordered assembly of graphene and MXene nanosheets for
flexible conductive fibers; (B) Graphene and MXene-based flexible conductive fibers for smart textiles and wearables. Created with
Autodesk 3ds Max 2024.

Table 1. Comparative evaluation of important features and uses representative conductive fibres’ properties
Tensile
Conductivity Density
Fiber type strength Scalability and cost Long-term stability Ref.
(S·cm ) (g·cm )
-1
-3
(MPa)
Stainless steel ~10 4 500-1,500 ~7.9 Medium cost, mature Excellent (corrosion-resistant) [51]
fiber industry
Silver fiber ~10 5 200-600 ~10.5 High cost, easy to tarnish Good (but sulfuration in air) [62]
CNT fiber 10 -10 5 500-2,000 ~1.3 High cost, limited uniformity Good (chemically stable) [52]
3
Medium-high, continuous
GF ≤ 1.2 × 10 6 ≤ 5,190 ~1.8 Excellent (carbon structure) [18,19]
spinning
Low-medium, solution
MXene fiber ≤ 12,503 ≤ 585.5 ~2.0-3.0 Poor (oxidation in humid air) [26,34]
processable
CNT: Carbon nanotube; GF: graphene fiber.

characteristics. In addition to having high volumetric capacitance (up to 1,500 F·cm ) and high metallic
-3 [21]
conductivity (up to 15,000 S·cm ) , these materials also have excellent aqueous processing properties due to
-1 [22]