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Page 38 of 47 Zhou et al. Soft Sci. 2026, 6, 10

CONCLUSION AND OUTLOOK
MEGTs represent a convergence of clean energy technology with multidisciplinary knowledge spanning
materials science, biology, and physical chemistry, embedding complex mechanisms within miniature textile
devices. This integration provides a novel technological pathway for advancing sustainable societal
development. In recent years, MEGTs have demonstrated broad application potential in self-powered
wearable devices, smart sensor networks, and biomedical systems. As research progresses, their functional
and application boundaries continue to expand, with numerous innovative scenarios yet to be explored.
Based on current development trends, this paper outlines future research directions from several key
perspectives.

In-depth mechanism research
The electric generation mechanism of MEGTs relies on the adsorption of gaseous water molecules onto the
surface of the power-generating layer. This adsorption induces dissociation of functional groups, resulting in
directional ion migration driven by concentration gradients. However, a comprehensive theoretical model
for ion transport within nanopores is still lacking. Integrating molecular dynamics simulations with
multiphysics coupling could quantitatively elucidate how pore size distribution and surface charge density
affect ion migration rates. Concurrently, designing multiple energy conversion mechanisms to operate
synergistically can create diverse pathways, enhancing both energy density and stability. To overcome the
low power output of individual MEGTs, in situ tracking of the chemical structure evolution of the active
layer and optimization of internal mass transfer pathways are essential. Future research should aim for
coordinated breakthroughs across three dimensions: intrinsic material properties, microstructure design, and
environmental adaptability, thereby advancing the practical application of MEGTs in smart wearable
electronics.

Innovation of materials and optimization of device structures
Current research has established diverse active material systems for MEGTs; however, iterative optimization
of the power generation layer and electrode materials, alongside systematic refinement of device structures,
remains a critical focus for future development. Achieving an ideal balance among output stability, economic
cost, and service life has yet to be realized. Future work should integrate molecular-level chemical
modifications with macroscale composite structures. By employing genetically engineered synthesis and
controlled functionalization, reversible moisture-responsive oxygen-containing group gradients can be
incorporated into the material to enable efficient charge separation and collection, even under low-humidity
conditions. Beyond material innovation, structural design is a core determinant of overall device
performance and practical applicability. 1D linear fiber structures enhance single-fiber output and support
continuous spinning processes; 2D fiber-membrane structures utilize gradient pore sizes to improve water
gradient retention and ion transport; and 3D multilayer composite architectures optimize interlayer bonding,
thereby enhancing cycle stability, mechanical strength, and long-term reliability.

Synergy with other energy technologies
Another core advantage of MEGTs lies in their capacity to establish multi-source synergistic energy systems,
achieving “multi-energy complementarity” that enhances energy utilization efficiency, system stability, and
adaptability to diverse application scenarios. Existing research demonstrates that MEGs, when operating
synergistically with technologies such as TEGs, solar thermal evaporation, and energy storage devices, can
substantially improve overall performance. Integration with flexible energy storage units, including
micro-supercapacitors and solid-state batteries, enables the construction of a fully integrated
“generation-storage-consumption” system, addressing inherent output instability. Building on this
foundation, the development of multi-physics active layers capable of simultaneous responses to humidity,
temperature, and light can enable electronic textiles to monitor multiple environmental parameters in real