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Page 8 of 26 Sun et al. Soft Sci. 2025, 5, 18 https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/ss.2024.77

Figure 3. Schematic diagrams of temperature sensors, pressure sensors, and multifunctional sensors. (A) Layer-by-layer description of a
Pt-based flexible 3 × 3 array temperature sensor. Reproduced with permission [58] . Copyright 2024, Materials Today Nano; (B) Flexible
micro-3D thin-film sensor for temperature measurement. Reproduced with permission [60] . Copyright 2021, Microsystems &
Nanoengineering; (C) Robust flexible pressure sensors made from conductive micropyramids. Reproduced with permission [61] . Copyright
2020, ACS Nano; (D) Structure of the TCTS array. Reproduced with permission [64] . Copyright 2024, ACS Nano; (E) Schematic diagram
of a flexible capacitive pressure sensor based on electrospun PI nanofiber membrane. Reproduced with permission [68] ; (F) Schematic
[71]
illustration of the fully printed trimodal (Proximity-pressure-temperature) sensor sheet. Reproduced with permission . Copyright 2021,
Advanced Materials Technologies; (G) The left expanded view of the multilayered construction of an entire 3DAE-Skin device. The right
[73]
expanded view of a representative functional unit. Reproduced with permission . Copyright 2024, Science. 3D: Three-dimensional;
TCTS: triboelectric capacitive-coupled tactile sensor; PI: polyimide.

Pressure sensors have a wide range of applications in skin-like functional sensors. Tactile sensors emulate
the skin’s ability to sense pressure, touch, and texture, primarily for detecting contact, pressure, and surface
features. In skin-inspired sensing, various types of pressure sensors, including capacitive, piezoresistive,
optical, and self-powered pressure sensors, have been extensively explored to achieve high sensing
performance. The piezoresistive pressure sensor is a commonly used pressure sensor based on the strain
effect. When the object undergoes deformation, the resistance inside the sensor changes, allowing it to