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Page 14 of 26 Yang et al. Soft Sci 2024;4:9 https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/ss.2023.43

Figure 5. Advanced cryobiological applications of LM-based materials. (A) LMNP-mediated ultrarapid rewarming of vitrified
biospecimens. Reproduced with permission [87] Copyright 2019, Acta Materialia Inc. (i) Illustration of vitrification of cell suspensions
loaded with LMNPs and NIR laser-induced rewarming; (ii) Illustration of LMNPs inhibiting ice formation; (iii) Live/dead staining of
resuscitated cells with/without LMNPs; (B) LM-mediated combined cryoablation and PTT. Reproduced with permission [53] Copyright
2020, American Chemical Society. (i) Illustration of LM paste coating enhanced cryoablation. Inset is the simulated result of
temperature distribution with (left) or without (right) LM paste; (ii) Illustration of LMNP-mediated PTT. Inset is the in vivo infrared
thermographic image of radiated tumor tissues bearing LMNPs (left) or not (right); (iii) Post-treatment cellular viability; (iv) Change of
post-treatment tumor volumes; (C) Freezing-induced LMMP deformation enhanced cryoablation. (i) Illustration of probe-cryoablation
and LMMPs deformation enabled mechanical damage to tumors. Reproduced with permission [85] Copyright 2020, Wiley-VCH GmbH;
(ii) Deformation ratio of LMNPs in different solutions. Reproduced with permission [65] Copyright 2020, American Chemical Society;
(iii) Post-cryoablation tumor volume under different conditions. Reproduced with permission [85] Copyright 2020, Wiley-VCH GmbH;
(D) Liquid metal transformer enabled endosomal escape for enhanced cryo-treatment. Reproduced with permission [91] 2021 Elsevier
Inc. (i) Illustration of cell membrane-wrapped gallium particles entering tumor cells; (ii) Deformation of gallium particles causing
damage to endosomes, facilitating endosomal escape; (iii) Tumor volume after cryoablation with different conditions. DMSO: Dimethyl
sulfoxide; LMMPs: LM micro-particles; LMNPs: LM nano-particles; NIR: near-infrared ray; PTT: PT therapy.

LM deformation enhanced destruction of tumors
Sun et al. discovered an intriguing deformation behavior of LMMPs in a dual-liquid phase system.
However, although the melting point of gallium is 29.8 °C, due to the size-dependent supercooling effect,
Sun et al. characterized the phase transition temperature to be between -20 and -60 °C, which is much lower
than the chitosan solution [75,85] . Therefore, when the temperature decreased, the chitosan solution froze first,
and LMMPs were trapped within ice. When LMMPs underwent phase change, they would expand and form