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Page 6 of 15 Tu et al. Soft Sci 2023;3:25 https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/ss.2023.15

Figure 2. Current state-of-art e-skin systems with multimodal sensing, including (1) Integration of multiple physical sensors; (2)
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Integration of physical and physiological sensors; and (3) Integration of physical and chemical sensors. Reproduced with permission .
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Copyright©2018, Nature Publishing Group. Reproduced with permission . Copyright©2020, American Association for the
Advancement of Science. Reproduced with permission [54] . Copyright©2016, Wiley-VCH. Reproduced with permission [55] .
Copyright©2016, American Association for the Advancement of Science. Reproduced with permission [56] . Copyright©2015, Wiley-VCH.
Reproduced with permission [57] . Copyright©2015, Wiley-VCH. Reproduced with permission [58] . Copyright©2018, Nature Publishing
Group. e-skin: Electronic skin.

Yamamoto et al. introduced a flexible multifunctional printed sensor system for real-time healthcare
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monitoring . This innovative system was equipped with disposable sensing elements, containing a three-
axis acceleration sensor, a temperature sensor, a UV light sensor, and an electrocardiogram (ECG) sensor.
With this multimodal device attached to the chest of an individual directly, four types of sensory outputs
were simultaneously recorded, ensuring comprehensive healthcare tracking ability. Kim et al. presented a
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multifunctional carbon-based e-skin that could monitor touch, temperature, and humidity . To
implement the artificial skin beyond basic human skin capabilities, the e-skin system is also designed to
distinguish biological variables with different dipole moments, implying new applications such as electronic
nose or tongue. More intriguingly, a fully integrated multimodal sensory platform was developed by Gao
et al., realizing in situ and wireless sweat analysis . This flexible system can simultaneously evaluate sweat
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metabolites and electrolytes and the skin temperature for calibration of outputs, showing excellent