Page 256 - Read Online

initiate angiogenesis via inducing an HIF‑1α and 2. Folkman J. Seminars in medicine of the Beth Israel hospital, Boston. Clinical
angiogenic growth factors. In patients with PAD, serum applications of research on angiogenesis. N Engl J Med 1995;333:1757‑63.
levels of hepatocyte growth factor are elevated than in 3. Valko M, Leibfritz D, Moncol J, Cronin MT, Mazur M, Telser J. Free radicals
and antioxidants in normal physiological functions and human disease.
[93]
normal subjects. The tissue compromise caused by Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2007;39:44‑84.
severe macrovascular disease, however, may over dominate 4. Rees M, Hague S, Oehler MK, Bicknell R. Regulation of endometrial
the angiogenic response. Inter‑individual differences in the angiogenesis. Climacteric 1999;2:52‑8.
ability to mount angiogenesis under hypoxic conditions 5. Tonnesen MG, Feng X, Clark RA. Angiogenesis in wound healing. J Investig
Dermatol Symp Proc 2000;5:40‑6.
also exist among patients with atherosclerosis. Such 6. Shah F, Balan P, Weinberg M, Reddy V, Neems R, Feinstein M, Dainauskas J,
variations may explain that patients with PAD are unable Meyer P, Goldin M, Feinstein SB. Contrast‑enhanced ultrasound imaging of
to generate adequate collateral circulation and unable to atherosclerotic carotid plaque neovascularization: a new surrogate marker
heal arterial ulcers despite surgical bypass. Therapeutic 7. of atherosclerosis? Vasc Med 2007;12:291‑7.
Folkman J. Angiogenesis. In: Braunwald E, Fauci AS, Kasper DL, Hauser SL,
growth factors or other methods designed to stimulate Longo DL, Jameson LJ, editors. Harrison’s Textbook of Internal Medicine.
angiogenesis might benefit patients with a defective 15th ed. New York: McGraw‑Hill; 2001. p. 517‑30.
angiogenic capacity. VEGF gene transfer or autologous 8. O’Connor DS, Schechner JS, Adida C, Mesri M, Rothermel AL, Li F, Nath AK,
[94]
transplantation of bone marrow‑derived endothelial Pober JS, Altieri DC. Control of apoptosis during angiogenesis by survivin
progenitor stem cells improved healing of arterial ulcers 9. expression in endothelial cells. Am J Pathol 2000;156:393‑8.
[95]
Clark RA. Wound repair. Overview and general considerations. In: Clark RAF,
in patients. editor. The Molecular and Cellular Biology of Wound Repair. New York:
Plenum; 1996. p. 3‑50.
ANGIOMODULATORY STRATEGIES 10. Morgan MR, Humphries MJ, Bass MD. Synergistic control of cell adhesion
by integrins and syndecans. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2007;8:957‑69.
11. Semenza G. Signal transduction to hypoxia‑inducible factor 1. Biochem
Wound angiogenesis represents a realistic model to study Pharmacol 2002;64:993‑8.
molecular mechanisms involved in the formation and 12. Majima M, Hayashi I, Muramatsu M, Katada J, Yamashina S, Katori M.
remodeling of vascular structures. In particular, the repair Cyclo‑oxygenase‑2 enhances basic fibroblast growth factor‑induced
angiogenesis through induction of vascular endothelial growth factor in rat
of skin defect offers an ideal model to analyze angiogenesis sponge implants. Br J Pharmacol 2000;130:641‑9.
as it is easy to control and manipulate this process. 13. Pugh CW, Ratcliffe PJ. Regulation of angiogenesis by hypoxia: role of the HIF
[96]
Vessel growth is controlled by the local actions of chemical system. Nat Med 2003;9:677‑84.
mediators, the ECM, metabolic gradients and physical 14. Miles KA. Perfusion CT for the assessment of tumour vascularity: which
protocol? Br J Radiol 2003;76:S36‑42.
forces. Manipulation of some of these factors is being tried 15. Hanahan D, Weinberg RA. Hallmarks of cancer: the next generation. Cell
[97]
to improve healing in experimental wounds. Scientists 2011;144:646‑74.
are working on mathematical models which describe 16. Matsuoka H, Sisson TH, Nishiuma T, Simon RH. Plasminogen‑mediated
the role of angiogenesis as observed during (soft tissue) activation and release of hepatocyte growth factor from extracellular matrix.
Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2006;35:705‑13.
wound healing. Through this model manipulation of the 17. Tsopanoglou NE, Maragoudakis ME. On the mechanism of thrombin‑induced
capillary tip, macrophage‑derived chemical attractant profile, angiogenesis. Potentiation of vascular endothelial growth factor activity
extracellular matrix and fibroblast diffusion coefficient may on endothelial cells by up‑regulation of its receptors. J Biol Chem
be analyzed to enhance wound healing. [98] 1999;274:23969‑76.
18. Nguyen M, Arkell J, Jackson CJ. Human endothelial gelatinases and
angiogenesis. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2001;33:960‑70.
CONCLUSION 19. Hellberg C, Ostman A, Heldin CH. PDGF and vessel maturation. Recent
Results Cancer Res 2010;180:103‑14.
Angiogenesis is a physiological process that is vital for 20. Pintucci G, Froum S, Pinnell J, Mignatti P, Rafii S, Green D. Trophic effects
normal wound healing. A number of factors regulate of platelets on cultured endothelial cells are mediated by platelet‑associated
fibroblast growth factor‑2 (FGF‑2) and vascular endothelial growth
wound angiogenesis, including hypoxia, inflammation factor (VEGF). Thromb Haemost 2002;88:834‑42.
and growth factors. The molecular and cellular events in 21. Li JJ, Huang YQ, Basch R, Karpatkin S. Thrombin induces the release of
angiogenesis have been elucidated, and defects in this angiopoietin‑1 from platelets. Thromb Haemost 2001;85:204‑6.
process are present in chronic wounds. Based on this 22. Nath SG, Raveendran R. An insight into the possibilities of fibroblast growth
factor in periodontal regeneration. J Indian Soc Periodontol 2014;18:289‑92.
knowledge, new wound healing strategies are emerging 23. Yoshida S, Yoshida A, Matsui H, Takada Y, Ishibashi T. Involvement of
to deliver growth factors to the wound bed. Surgeons macrophage chemotactic protein‑1 and interleukin‑1beta during inflammatory
and other wound‑care specialists can use this knowledge but not basic fibroblast growth factor‑dependent neovascularization in the
mouse cornea. Lab Invest 2003;83:927‑38.
to identify defects and select interventions that may 24. Grimm D, Bauer J, Schoenberger J. Blockade of neoangiogenesis, a new and
promote improved wound granulation and healing. promising technique to control the growth of malignant tumors and their
metastases. Curr Vasc Pharmacol 2009;7:347‑57.
Financial support and sponsorship 25. Lutolf MP, Hubbell JA. Synthetic biomaterials as instructive extracellular
Nil. microenvironments for morphogenesis in tissue engineering. Nat Biotechnol
2005;23:47‑55.
Conflicts of interest 26. Bootle‑Wilbraham CA, Tazzyman S, Thompson WD, Stirk CM,
There are no conflicts of interest. Lewis CE. Fibrin fragment E stimulates the proliferation, migration and
differentiation of human microvascular endothelial cells in vitro. Angiogenesis
2001;4:269‑75.
REFERENCES 27. Ji K, Tsirka SE. Inflammation modulates expression of laminin in the central
nervous system following ischemic injury. J Neuroinflammation 2012;9:159.
1. Li WW, Li VW, Tsakayannis D. Angiogenesis therapies. Concepts, clinical 28. Acker T, Plate KH. Role of hypoxia in tumor angiogenesis‑molecular and
trials, and considerations for new drug development. In: Fan TPD, Kohn EC, cellular angiogenic crosstalk. Cell Tissue Res 2003;314:145‑55.
editors. The New Angiotherapy. Totowa: Humana Press; 2002. p. 547‑71. 29. Howdieshell TR, Webb WL, Sathyanarayana, McNeil PL. Inhibition of
Plast Aesthet Res || Vol 2 || Issue 5 || Sep 15, 2015 247