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Table 4: Summary of recent publications pertaining to ASCs in peripheral nerve gap repair
Authors Year Title Summary
Kuo et al. [62] 2014 Proteomic analysis in serum of rat hind- Analysis of serum proteome revealed significant differences
limb allograft tolerance induced by after inclusion of ASC in the immunosuppressive regimen with
immunosuppressive therapy with ASCs increased levels of markers for tolerance
Cheng et al. [75] 2014 Syngeneic ASCs with short-term Addition of ASCs to post-VCA immunosuppressive regimen
immunosuppression induce VCA tolerance in results in enhanced tolerance of the VCA graft with elevated
rats levels of circulating regulatory T cells
Wu et al. [76] 2014 Donor age negatively affects the As the age of the stem cell donor increases, the quality of
immunoregulatory properties of both adipose and collected bone marrow and ASCs decreases
bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells
Hsueh et al. [67] 2014 Functional recoveries of sciatic nerve Seeding of a chitosan-coated conduit with neurosphere cells
regeneration by combining chitosan-coated differentiated from ASCs leads to “substantial improvements in
conduit and neurosphere cells induced from nerve regeneration” in a 10 mm sciatic nerve lesion in rats
ASCs
Watanabe et al. [68] 2014 Undifferentiated and differentiated ASCs Seeding of silicone conduits with ASCs (both differentiated
improve nerve regeneration in a rat model of and undifferentiated) or Schwann cells to repair a 7 mm facial
facial nerve defect nerve lesion in rats demonstrated similar therapeutic results in
nerve regeneration across cell types
Hundepool et al. [73] 2014 The effect of stem cells in bridging peripheral Meta analysis of in vivo experimentation of nerve conduits
nerve defects: a meta-analysis stem cell seeding for nerve gap repair revealed systematically
that use of stem cells results in the most beneficial effects for
reconstruction
Qureshi et al. [77] 2014 Human adipose-derived stromal/stem cell Provides methods for the lipoaspiration of ASCs, culture and
isolation, culture, and osteogenic differentiation preservation of that cell population, synthesis of scaffolds, and
techniques for loading those scaffolds with isolated cells
Leto Barone et al. [63] 2013 Immunomodulatory effects of ASCs: fact or ASCs demonstrate beneficial tolerogenic qualities in
fiction preliminary studies, but further clinical work must be done to
understand this effect
Ying et al. [78] 2013 Effects of intracavernous injection of ASCs on In a model of cavernous nerve crush injury, injection of
cavernous nerve regeneration in a rat model ASCs to the site of injury demonstrated enhanced nerve
regeneration and restoration of erectile function
Mohammadi et al. [69] 2013 Effects of undifferentiated cultured omental Repair of a 10 mm sciatic nerve lesion with a silicone conduit
ASCs on peripheral nerve regeneration seeded with uASCs demonstrated increased numbers and
sizes of regenerating fibers
Zaminy et al. [79] 2013 Transplantation of schwann cells differentiated Collagen scaffolds loaded with Schwann cells differentiated
from adipose stem cells improves functional from ASCs effectively support axon regeneration and
recovery in rat spinal cord injury functional recovery in 3 mm spinal cord lesions in rats
Marconi et al. [70] 2012 Human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells Intravenous administration of ASCs after sciatic nerve crush
systemically injected promote peripheral nerve injury in mice demonstrated ‘clear therapeutic potential’ by
regeneration in the mouse model of sciatic crush secreting neuroprotective factors
Shen et al. [80] 2012 Peripheral nerve repair of transplanted Repair of 10 mm sciatic nerve gap with a genipin-gelatin-
undifferentiated adipose tissue-derived stem tricalcium phosphate conduit seeded with ASCs demonstrated
cells in a biodegradable reinforced nerve conduit similar results in regeneration to autologous nerve grafts
Orbay et al. [72] 2012 Differentiated and uASCs improve function in In a model of 10 mm sciatic nerve gap, repair with various
rats with peripheral nerve gaps modalities, including nerve grafts, conduits, and ASC-seeded
conduits, the seeding of the conduit with stem cells yielded
best outcomes in regeneration and nerve conduction velocity
Faroni et al. [64] 2011 Schwann-like adult stem cells derived from bone Schwann cells derived from bone marrow and ASCs express
marrow and adipose tissue express GABA type functional GABA-B receptors, which can modulate cellular
B receptors function
Mohammadi et al. [65] 2011 Comparison of beneficial effects of In the repair of a 10 mm sciatic nerve lesion with a vein
undifferentiated cultured bone marrow stromal graft infused with stem cells, ASCs demonstrated enhanced
cells and omental adipose-derived nucleated regenerative effects as compared to those from bone marrow
cell fractions on sciatic nerve regeneration
VCA: Vascularized composite allotransplantation, ASC: Adipose‑derived stem cells, GABA: Gamma‑aminobutyric acid, uASC: Undifferentiated
adipose‑derived stem cell

ligation and further development of technologies must more efficient and consistent alternative for end‑to‑end
be performed. To date, due to the high inflammatory ligation of nerve stumps.
[61]
response and fibrosis ensuing during their use, fibrin glues Adipose‑derived stem cells
offer limited applicability in VCA, particularly given the In addition to demonstrating tolerogenic effects in
enhanced regeneration observed following trauma when transplanted tissues, [62,63] both BMSCs and adipose‑derived
nerve segments are re‑anastomosed with microsurgical stem cells (ASCs) have also been shown to exert positive
techniques. The future development of bioactive fibrin effects on peripheral nerve regeneration. The relative
[64]
glues that may artificially provide the neurotrophic factors ease of isolating ASCs and developing Schwann cell
normally present following nerve trauma, may offer a populations from this cell type makes them more
232 Plast Aesthet Res || Vol 2 || Issue 4 || Jul 15, 2015