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Preto et al. Plast Aesthet Res. 2025;12:28 https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/2347-9264.2025.26 Page 15 of 17

outcomes in GAS - are essential to improve comparability and data reliability. Notably, the GENDER-Q was
not employed in our cohort because of its recent introduction and unavailability at the time of data
collection.

Penoscrotal vaginoplasty represents an effective and reliable surgical option in GAS for AMAB patients,
offering favorable outcomes and high satisfaction rates. Beyond the technical success, this study provides
valuable longitudinal data showing progressive improvements in sexual function and genital self-image over
the first postoperative year. These findings emphasize the importance of long-term follow-up and set
realistic expectations for patients, who should be counseled that optimal functional outcomes may take
several months to achieve. This gradual recovery process underlines the need for structured postoperative
support and reinforces the value of specialized, multidisciplinary care.

DECLARATIONS
Authors’ contributions
Conceived and/or designed the work that led to the submission, acquired data, and/or played an important
role in interpreting the findings: Falcone M, Preto M, Ferro I, Cirigliano L, Guadagni L, Plamadeala N,
Scavone M
Drafted or revised the manuscript: Plamadeala N, Preto M, Ferro I, Cirigliano L, Guadagni L, Zupo E
Approved the final version: Falcone M, Preto M, Timpano M, Gontero P
Agreed to be accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or
integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved: Falcone M, Preto M, Timpano
M, Gontero P

Availability of data and materials
The data supporting this study are securely stored in a hospital database and are protected for
confidentiality reasons. Access to the dataset is available upon reasonable request to the first author, in
accordance with institutional and ethical guidelines.

Financial support and sponsorship
None.

Conflicts of interest
Preto M is a Junior Editorial Board member of the journal Plastic and Aesthetic Research. Preto M was not
involved in any steps of editorial processing, notably including reviewer selection, manuscript handling, or
decision making. The other authors declared that there are no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval and consent to participate
The study was reviewed and approved by the Intercompany Ethics Committee of AOU Città della Salute e
della Scienza di Torino (Comitato Etico Interaziendale AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino),
Pratica n. 506/2023. All procedures were carried out in accordance with the ethical standards of the
institutional research committee and with the Declaration of Helsinki 1964 and its later amendments. All
participants provided written informed consent to participate in the study and for the publication of
anonymized data.

Consent for publication
Informed consent for publication was obtained.