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Gavard Molliard et al. Plast Aesthet Res 2018;5:17 I http://dx.doi.org/10.20517/2347-9264.2018.10 Page 3 of 8

Table 1. Description of a novel range of HA fillers produced according to the OXIFREE™ technology
Product reference Manufacturer Manufacturing Crosslinked HA Clinical indications
technology content (mg/mL)
A Kylane Laboratoires OXIFREE™ 15 Injection in the dermis or the lips mucosa
SA (Plan-les-Ouates, Treatment of fine lines, medium-sized skin depressions
Switzerland) of the face area and lips definition or enhancement
B 18 Injection in the deep dermis or the lips mucosa
Treatment of deep skin depressions of the face area and
lips enhancement
C 21 Injection in the fat tissue or into the supraperiostic zone
Restoration of the volume of the face with a high
projection capacity
D 24 Injection in the fat tissue or into the supraperiostic zone
Restoration of the volume of the face with a higher
projection capacity than product C

Flow test
The flow test enables to measure the viscosity η of the gel. It was performed at a temperature of 25 °C under
shear rate from 0.001 to 1000 s with a cone/plate aluminium geometry of 40 mm 2 degrees and a 50-µm
-1
gap between the cone and the plate of the rheometer. The value of the viscosity η is measured at the shear
-1
rate of 1 s .

Oscillatory shear stress test
The oscillatory shear stress test enables to measure the elastic modulus G’. It was performed at a temperature
of 25 °C in shear stress oscillation mode at 1.0% of strain, within the linear viscoelastic region, with a cone/
plate aluminium geometry of 40 mm 2 degrees and a 50-µm gap between the cone and the plate of the
rheometer. The measurements were carried out over a frequency range of 0.1-5 Hz. The value of the elastic
modulus G’ was measured at the physiologically oscillation frequency of 1 Hz.

Compression test in static mode
The compression test in static mode enables to measure the normal force F . It was performed at a temperature
N
of 25 °C in normal force mode, with a cone/plate aluminium geometry of 40 mm 2 degrees: 1.0 g of gel was
placed between the cone and the plate and the cone was set in contact with the gel and lowered toward the
bottom plate, thus compressing the gel. The normal force (F ) was measured for a gap between the cone and
N
the plate of 1.11 mm (inverse gap = 0.9 mm ).
-1

Compression test in dynamic mode
The compression test in dynamic mode enables to measure the elastic modulus E’. It was performed at a
temperature of 25 °C in compression oscillation mode at 1.0% of strain, within the linear viscoelastic region,
with a 40-mm plate/plate aluminium geometry and a 0.5-mm gap between the parallel rheometer plates. The
measurements were carried out over a frequency range of 0.1-5 Hz. The value of the elastic modulus E’ was
measured at the physiologically oscillation frequency of 1 Hz.

Data analysis
All measurements were carried out in triplicate. Data were expressed as the mean ± standard deviation (SD).
Coefficients of variation lower than 10% were considered as satisfactory. Results were evaluated statistically
using Student’s t-test with a level of significance fixed at α = 0.05.

RESULTS
The key rheological properties viscosity η, static compression F , elastic modulus in shear stress G’ and elastic
N
modulus in compression E’ were measured on the novel range of HA fillers benefiting from the OXIFREE™
technology and on the market leader device Juvéderm Voluma™. The results are summarized in Table 2.