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Gavard Molliard et al. Plast Aesthet Res 2018;5:17 Plastic and
DOI: 10.20517/2347-9264.2018.10 Aesthetic Research

Original Article Open Access

Key rheological properties of hyaluronic acid fillers:
from tissue integration to product degradation

Samuel Gavard Molliard , Jérémie Bon Bétemps , Basste Hadjab , David Topchian , Patrick Micheels ,
2
1
3
1
1
Denis Salomon 4
1 Research and Development Department, Kylane Laboratoires S.A., Plan-les-Ouates 1228, Switzerland.
2 Dr. David & Associates Private Practice, Armadale VIC 3143, Australia.
3 Dr. Patrick Micheels Private Practice, Genève 1206, Switzerland.
4 Clinique Internationale de Dermatologie Genève S.A. Private Practice, Genève 1201, Switzerland.
Correspondence to: Dr. Samuel Gavard Molliard, Research and Development Department, Kylane Laboratoires S.A., Chemin des
Aulx 14, Plan-les-Ouates 1228, Switzerland. E-mail: samuel.gavard@yahoo.fr
How to cite this article: Gavard Molliard S, Bon Bétemps J, Hadjab B, Topchian D, Micheels P, Salomon D. Key rheological
properties of hyaluronic acid fillers: from tissue integration to product degradation. Plast Aesthet Res 2018;5:17.
http://dx.doi.org/10.20517/2347-9264.2018.10

Received: 24 Feb 2018 First Decision: 29 Mar 2018 Revised: 3 Apr 2018 Accepted: 4 Apr 2018 Published: 14 May 2018
Science Editor: Wen-Guo Cui Copy Editor: Guang-Zhe Zhu Production Editor: Cai-Hong Wang

Abstract
Aim: Over the last 15 years, hyaluronic acid (HA) fillers have become the most popular injectable biomaterial for soft
tissue correction. With the increasing number of available HA fillers and the multiplication of facial treatments all
over the world, there has been a need from physicians to better understand the HA fillers science. There is especially
a growing interest in the science-based evaluation of rheological characteristics which represents an essential tool to
guide physicians in the selection of the most appropriate HA fillers, administration techniques and depths of injection
for their clinical applications.

Methods: Four key rheological parameters (viscosity η, elasticity G’, normal force F N and elasticity E’) are measured and
discussed on five HA fillers.

Results: These four key rheological parameters are demonstrated to play a pivotal role, in combination with the
cohesivity, for better predicting the clinical behavior of HA fillers at different stages of their lifetime.

Conclusion: This article discusses the importance of four key rheological parameters during the main steps of the clinical
HA fillers’ lifetime, from the product injection to the loss of clinical effects. A better knowledge of these HA fillers’
rheological parameters can help the physicians to optimize their aesthetic outcomes, safety and patient satisfaction.

Keywords: Hyaluronic acid fillers, rheological properties, product lifetime, tissue integration, clinical effects
© The Author(s) 2018. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0
International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use,
sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, for any purpose, even commercially, as long
as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license,
and indicate if changes were made.

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