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Gunderson et al. Plast Aesthet Res 2023;10:50 https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/2347-9264.2023.42 Page 11 of 15

Deep fibular N. – Midpoint 1,224,080.495 N/A* 181,893.49 N/A* 14.85960202 85.14039798
lateral branch
Deep fibular N. – Distal 788,843.18 N/A* 159,294.335 N/A* 20.19340967 79.80659033
lateral branch
Dorsal common Midpoint 920,457.27 44741.7 59,917.8625 41,165.3425 6.50957567 93.49042433
digital N. – lateral
branch
Dorsal common Distal 2,933,135.915 N/A* 838,514.52 N/A* 28.58764627 71.41235373
digital N. – lateral
branch
Dorsal common Midpoint 4,047,344.705 N/A* 0 N/A* 0 100
digital N.
Dorsal common Distal 1,898,824.595 N/A* 256,762.675 N/A* 13.52219029 86.47780971
digital N.
Superficial fibular Midpoint 3,944,359.935 N/A* 574,950.025 N/A* 14.57651012 85.42348988
N. –
central/medial
branch
Superficial fibular Midpoint 3,625,162.95 N/A* 275,322.86 N/A* 7.594771981 92.40522802
N. - medial branch
Superficial fibular Distal 2,046,172.032 691,991.2229 224,397.5167 250,036.6623 10.96669846 89.03330154
N. - medial branch
Deep fibular N. – Midpoint 1,181,432.77 N/A* 342,545.06 N/A* 28.99403747 71.00596253
medial branch
Deep fibular N. – Distal 1,418,896.3 N/A* 0 N/A* 0 100
medial branch
Dorsal common Midpoint 3,508,577.213 283,054.4475 0 N/A* 0 100
digital N. – medial
branch
Dorsal common Distal 2,168,133.66 N/A* 234,580.705 N/A* 10.81947618 89.18052382
digital N. – medial
branch
*These nerves were present in < 3 limbs, negating averages.

carpal and tarsal joints in order to design and create an ONI suitable for chronic testing in sheep. The data
herein were consistent with models of ovine OI [7,8,15] .

Bone measurements demonstrate an average metacarpal length of 15.0 (± 0.0) cm and an average metatarsal
length of 19.7 (± 1.0) cm. The average cortical bone thickness was 3.23 (± 0.91) mm in the thoracic limbs
and 3.30 (± 0.82) mm in the pelvic limbs. The average intramedullary canal diameter was 12.91 (± 3.69) mm
for thoracic limbs and 12.60 (± 3.69) mm for pelvic limbs. The thoracic limbs consisted of one dorsal
(superficial radial) and three ventral (median, dorsal ulnar, and deep ulnar) nerves, with an average
circumference of 5.12 (± 1.07) mm and 4.83 (± 1.74) mm at the midpoint, respectively. Pelvic limb nerves
consisted of two dorsal (superficial fibular and deep fibular) and one ventral (tibial) nerve with an average
circumference of 6.27 (± 1.79) mm and 5.40 (± 0.53) mm at the midpoint, respectively.

At the level of amputation in the classic ovine OI, the distal metacarpus, all nerves provide cutaneous
sensory innervation, with no identifiable motor targets, and thus are the ideal target nerves for the creation
of osseointegrated prosthesis with sensory feedback. Nerves were adequate in both length and
circumference to support the creation of a neural interface with subsequent transposition into the medullary
canal.

Sheep transmetatarsal amputation is the gold standard in OI research, representative of human transtibial
amputation. The forelimb anatomy and joint loading are more similar to the human knee joint than that of