Page 36 - Read Online

Page 32 Toscano et al. Neuroimmunol Neuroinflammation 2021;8:14-41 I http://dx.doi.org/10.20517/2347-8659.2020.12

DECLARATIONS
Authors’ contributions
The conception and design of the study, conducted the literature review, drafted the manuscript: Toscano S
The conception and design of the study, and provided critical revision and final approval of the article: Patti
F

Availability of data and materials
Not applicable.

Financial support and sponsorship
None.

Conflicts of interest
Both authors declared that there are no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval and consent to participate
Not applicable.

Consent for publication
Not applicable.

Copyright
© The Author(s) 2021.

REFERENCES
1. Comabella M, Montalban X. Body fluid biomarkers in multiple sclerosis. Lancet Neurol 2014;13:113-26.
2. Frisoni GB, Boccardi M, Barkhof F, Blennow K, Cappa S, et al. Strategic roadmap for an early diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease based on
biomarkers. Lancet Neurol 2017;16:661-76.
3. Teunissen CE, Malekzadeh A, Leurs C, Bridel C, Killestein J. Body fluid biomarkers for multiple sclerosis--the long road to clinical
application. Nat Rev Neurol 2015;11:585-96.
4. Giovannoni G. Multiple sclerosis cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers. Dis Markers 2006;22:187-96.
5. Ziemssen T, Akgün K, Brück W. Molecular biomarkers in multiple sclerosis. J Neuroinflammation 2019;16:272.
6. Trapp BD, Peterson J, Ransohoff RM, Rudick R, Mörk S, et al. Axonal transection in the lesions of multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med
1998;338:278-85.
7. FDA News Release. FDA approves new oral drug to treat multiple sclerosis. Available from: http://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-
announcements/fda-approves-new-oral-drug-treat-multiple-sclerosis. [Last accessed on 2 Jul 2020]
8. FDA News Release. FDA approves new drug to treat multiple sclerosis. Available from: http://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-
announcements/fda-approves-new-drug-treat-multiple-sclerosis. [Last accessed on 2 Jul 2020]
9. Comi G. Induction vs. escalating therapy in multiple sclerosis: practical implications. Neurol Sci 2008;29 Suppl 2:S253-5.
10. Giovannoni G, Tomic D, Bright JR, Havrdová E. “No evident disease activity”: The use of combined assessments in the management of
patients with multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 2017;23:1179-87.
11. Håkansson I, Tisell A, Cassel P, Blennow K, Zetterberg H, et al. Neurofilament levels, disease activity and brain volume during follow-up
in multiple sclerosis. J Neuroinflammation 2018;15:209.
12. Pandit L. No evidence of disease activity (NEDA) in multiple sclerosis - shifting the goal posts. Ann Indian Acad Neurol 2019;22:261-3.
13. FDA-NIH Biomarker Working Group. BEST (Biomarkers, EndpointS, and other Tools) Resource [Internet]. Available from: https://www.
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK338448/. [Last accessed on 2 Jul 2020]
14. Rush CA, MacLean HJ, Freedman MS. Aggressive multiple sclerosis: proposed definition and treatment algorithm. Nat Rev Neurol
2015;11:379-89.
15. Johanson CE, Duncan JA 3rd, Klinge PM, Brinker T, Stopa EG, et al. Multiplicity of cerebrospinal fluid functions: new challenges in
health and disease. Cerebrospinal Fluid Res 2008;5:10.
16. Dobson R, Ramagopalan S, Davis A, Giovannoni G. Cerebrospinal fluid oligoclonal bands in multiple sclerosis and clinically isolated
syndromes: a meta-analysis of prevalence, prognosis and effect of latitude. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2013;84:909-14.
17. Imrell K, Landtblom AM, Hillert J, Masterman T. Multiple sclerosis with and without CSF bands: clinically indistinguishable but
immunogenetically distinct. Neurology 2006;67:1062-4.