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large-scale clinical trials.Several new drugs are currently undergoing clinical trials, including tocilizumab (IL-
[202]
6 receptor blocker), eculizumab (C5 complement inhibitor), and inebilizumab (CD19 B-cell depletion) .

More efficacious therapies that alter the disease course are therefore required. Additional research on
neuroprotection and repair is urgently needed. Many therapies are currently under study, including
hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, neural stem cell-based regenerative approaches, and exosomes
derived from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. The future of MS and NMOSD treatment is extremely
promising as more effective treatments are being developed.

DECLARATIONS
Authors’ contributions
Summarized the references and wrote the manuscript: Zhang L
Discussed paper writing and revised the manuscript: Zhang L, Tian JY, Li B
Read and approved the final manuscript: Li B

Availability of data and materials
Not applicable.

Financial support and sponsorship
None.

Conflicts of interest
All authors declared that there are no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval and consent to participate
Not applicable.

Consent for publication
Not applicable.

Copyright
© The Author(s) 2019.

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