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Figure 3. In vivo generated PDT-APC vaccine. (1) Intra-cranial inoculation of glioma cells; (2) tumor development, PS injection into the
animal; (3) APC (DC/Ma) precursors obtained from donor animal, cultured alone in vitro resulting in naïve APC; (4) iPDT of tumor in situ;
(5) immunization with naive APC injection directly into PDT treated tumor. APC: antigen presenting cell; PDT: photodynamic therapy; PS:
photosensitizer

not discussed in this review both PDT and PCI have an effect on the vasculature and have been show to
temporarily open the blood brain barrier in a limited site specific region [66-68] . What additional role this
would play in the development of an effective and safe anti-HGG patient therapy, remains to be established.

DECLARATIONS
Acknowledgments
Portions of this work were made possible through access to the LAMMP Program NIBIB P41E B015890 at
UCI.

Authors’ contributions
Contributed to the overall preparation of the manuscript: Hirschberg H
Contributed the section on photochemical internalization and to revised drafts: Berg K
Contributed the section on photosensitizers and targets and to revised drafts: Peng Q

Availability of data and materials
Not applicable.

Financial support and sponsorship
This work was supported by the Norwegian Radium Hospital Research Foundation (Grant nr SE1305 &
1503).

Conflict of interest
All authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval and consent to participate
Not applicable.

Consent for publication
Not applicable.