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findings. Taking these factors into account will enhance the ability of future studies to generate conclusive
insights into the mechanisms linking the GM to ELS-related health outcomes.

Although substantial progress has been made in understanding the role of the GM in early development,
there remains a need for further studies to establish clear causal relationships between GM alterations and
long-term health outcomes. Future research should focus on refining our understanding of the temporal
dynamics of GM dysbiosis, particularly in the context of ELS, and explore potential therapeutic strategies to
restore microbial balance and improve long-term health.

DECLARATIONS
Authors’ contributions
Conceptualization: Borrego-Ruiz A, Borrego JJ
Performed data acquisition: Borrego JJ
Performed data analysis: Borrego JJ
Drafted the manuscript: Borrego-Ruiz A, Borrego JJ
Revised the manuscript: Borrego-Ruiz A
Approved the final manuscript: Borrego-Ruiz A, Borrego JJ

Availability of data and materials
Not applicable.

Financial support and sponsorship
None.

Conflict of interest
Both authors declared that there are no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval and consent to participate
Not applicable.

Consent for publication
Not applicable.

Copyright
© The Author(s) 2025.

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