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Longhi et al. Microbiome Res Rep 2024;3:4 https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/mrr.2023.02 Page 13 of 15

DECLARATIONS
Authors’ contributions
Performed the in vitro analyses and wrote the manuscript: Longhi G
Performed the bioinformatics analyses: Tarracchini C, Fontana F, Lugli GA, Mancabelli L
Managed the metadata and data results: Argentini C, Alessandri G
Provided human biological samples: Lahner E, Pivetta G
Supervised the project: Turroni F
Supervised the project, designed the study, and edited the manuscript: Ventura M, Milani C

Availability of data and materials
Shotgun metagenomics data are accessible through SRA study accession number PRJNA864589.

Financial support and sponsorship
We thank GenProbio Srl for the financial support of the Laboratory of Probiogenomics. Part of this research
is conducted using the High Performance Computing (HPC) facility of the University of Parma. Turroni F
is funded by the Italian Ministry of Health through the Bando Ricerca Finalizzata (Grant Number GR-2018-
12365988).

Conflicts of interest
Authors Longhi G and Fontana F are employed by GenProbio Srl. The remaining authors declared that the
research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed
as a potential conflict of interest.

Ethical approval and consent to participate
Experimental procedures and protocols involving human biological samples were approved by the Ethics
Committee of Parma University as part of broader projects on the study of the respiratory microbiome and
the intestinal microbiota (ID: 1131/2020/TESS/UNIPR and 1108/2020/TESS/UNIPR) and by the
institution’s ethical committee Sapienza University of Rome (ID: 6527_2021). Signed informed consent was
obtained from the individuals enrolled in this study.

Consent for publication
Not applicable.

Copyright
© The Author(s) 2023.

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