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Page 4 of 9 Gumbs et al. Mini-invasive Surg 2020;4:90 I http://dx.doi.org/10.20517/2574-1225.2020.110

Figure 3. VideoendosKopY (ViKY) robotically-controlled laparoscope holder (ViKY, Endocontrol, Grenoble, France)

Figure 4. Articulating 5-mm laparoscopic instrument with motorized control (JAIMY-EN, Endocontrol, Grenoble, France)

procedures, a surgeon sits at a console several feet away from the patient, and the motorized effector
[1]
arms of the robot are the ones in actual contact with the patient . The operating surgeon is not wearing
a sterile gown or gloves and only the robotic arms and surgical assistant are in contact with the patient. A
telemanipulator is a remotely-controlled device that enables the surgeon to control surgical instruments
using manipulators and motorized end-effectors. During the Lindbergh Operation in 2001, when the first
Trans-Atlantic minimally invasive surgery was done, a telemanipulator was also used, but an additional
computerized system was necessary to control the end effectors and robotic arms across such a great
[6]
distance .

The bright future of complete surgical systems is perhaps best highlighted by the development of
competitors to the da Vinci robot. The Versius robot (Versius Robotics, CMR, Cambridge, UK) has a
computer interface to enable haptic feedback [Figure 5]. A notable weakness of the earlier da Vinci robots