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Fasanella. Mini-invasive Surg 2024;8:5 https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/2574-1225.2023.79 Page 7 of 10

combination of radiolabel with fluorescence imaging. However, further studies are needed in this field to
demonstrate this real benefit. Each technique has its advantages and limitations. An adequate preoperative
evaluation of the patient is certainly essential, which will allow for identifying the most useful imaging
technique to support the surgeon during RAPN, guaranteeing an adequate resection of the tumor tissue,
and minimizing the risk of PSM.

In recent years, 3D reconstructions and their application in robotic surgery, particularly regarding RAPN,
have become increasingly widespread. Next-generation 3D models reproduce anatomy and assist surgeons
in decision-making and intraoperative navigation. The integration of 3D models with robotic procedures
and the use of AR make it possible to improve surgical precision in treating the pathology, with increasingly
[69]
greater personalization of the procedures .

The application of AI in surgery is the most interesting research field. It is being explored to create systems
that can suggest treatment options to clinicians and provide greater operational insights. This is currently
one of the main trends in scientific research applied to minimally invasive robotic surgery. However, its
implementation in clinical practice remains limited due to a lack of reproducibility, well-defined quality
control and regulation, and the need for external validation. Further studies are certainly required to
maximize the potential of this technology at the service of the surgeon and the patient. We will reach the so-
called “extended reality”, which includes VR, AR, and mixed reality (MR), new applications that will allow
interactions with hybrid digital/real environments .
[70]

In the coming years, integrating extended reality and AI into a 5G wireless network will take doctors into
the “metaverse” , a VR where 3D models, holograms, AR, radiomics, and genomics can improve
[71]
healthcare, thanks to the sharing of information enhanced by these new technologies.

DECLARATIONS
Acknowledgments
The author thanks Prof. Michele Marchioni and Prof. Luigi Schips for their precious support.

Authors’ contributions
The author contributed solely to the article.

Availability of data and materials
Not applicable.

Financial support and sponsorship
None.

Conflicts of interest
Not applicable.

Ethical approval and consent to participate
Not applicable.

Consent for publication
Not applicable.