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Nishimura et al. Mini-invasive Surg 2020;4:11 I http://dx.doi.org/10.20517/2574-1225.2019.48 Page 5 of 10

Robotic vs. open P = 0.48 P = 0.94 P < 0.01 P = 0.93 - - P = 0.159 P = 0.184 P < 0.001 - P = 0.058 P < 0.001 -

Robotic vs. VATS P > 0.99 P = 0.55 P = 0.44 P = 0.61 P = 0.003 P = 0.368 - - P < 0.001 - P < 0.001 P < 0.001 -

Open $18,075 $16,993 $8698 $120,811 - - - - $17,200 €5244 €1094 €1944 - - $15,036 $4301 $8368

VATS $17,260 $16,415 $9491 $124,026 - - - - $17,802 €5132 €1443 €1427 - - $13,829 $4520 $399

Robotic $17,223 $17,215 $9912 $119,180 - - - - $20,377 €6799 €1349 €920 €2062 €532 $17,011 $5243 $4380

Total direct costs, IPTW-adjusted (USD)
Cost

Description Total indirect costs, IPTW-adjusted OR costs (2012-2015) Total charges Unadjusted costs, robotic vs. VATS: 23.3% higher Adjusted costs, robotic vs. VATS Unadjusted costs, robotic vs. open: 10.1% higher Adjusted cost, robotic vs. open Index hospital cost (USD) Total direct costs, mean (Euros) Operating room costs, mean Hospital stay, mean Robotic consumables Depreciation Overall cost (USD) Operating room costs Total “relat

Open 5.4* 5* 7* 6* 5.47 6 ‡ Study included two robotic segmentectomies and one open segmentectomy, not included in the n value. *When compared with robotic approach, the difference is statistically significant. VATS: video- OR costs and time were both higher in the robotic group when compared to either VATS or open group, but there was no significant difference for length of stay. A population-based study by Subramanian et al. [1]
LOS (days) VATS 3.8 4 5* 5* 4.75 4 assisted thoracoscopic surgery; LOS: length of stay; OR: operating room; USD: US dollar; IPTW: inverse probability of treatment weighting; n: number of robotic lobectomies

Robot 3.8 4 4 4 4.62 4
Table 2. Comparison by surgical approach (robotic, VATS, and open)
Open 265* 148* - 112* 180* 223
OR time (min) VATS 289* 173* - 189* 202* 225

Robot 278 226 - 150 223 217

Open 240 424 8501 38 69 269

VATS 161 301 42 58 87
n 4608
Robot 296 106 1929 21 57 12

First author/year published Kneuertz et al. [17] 2019 Nelson et al. [16] 2019 Subramanian et al. [1] 2019 Novellis et al. [14] 2018 ‡ Deen et al. [15] 2014 Park et al. [4] 2008 than open approach. Profit