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Chen et al. Mini-invasive Surg 2018;2:43 I http://dx.doi.org/10.20517/2574-1225.2018.42 Page 9 of 12

Positive CRM (%) 5 2.4 1.9 0.9 16.1 4 5 11.7 0 5.0 6.8 0 1.5 6.9 3.6 0 0 NA 0 5.5

DRM (cm) 1.9 (1-4) 3.6 (0.4-10) 2.8 3.0 ± 2.0 2.2 ± 1.5 1.7 ± 1.4 (0.1-6.0) 3.5 ± 2.7 (0.1-16.3) 3.1 ± 1.7 2.5 (0.5-10) 2.0 ± 1.4 2.75 ± 2.14 (1-14) 2.7 (1.6-4.4) 1.8 (0-22.0) 2.6 ± 1.4 2.7 (0.4-8.0) 2.65 (0.4-7.5) 2.5 ± 1.3 (0.6-5.5) 2.8 ± 1.9 2.96 ± 2.05 NA

Rate of sphincter preservation (%) 93.3 85.4 100 NA 93.9 97.3 79.2 93.4 100 100 100 86.2 93.5 99.2 88.0 84.6 75.0 95.1 85 100

Anastomotic leakage (%) 3.3 7.3 9.6 8.7 NA 5.4 6.3 5 5.7 10.4 4.5 7.1 9.5 7.7 2 12.1 NA 1.5 8 7.2

Overall com- plications (%) 21.7 22.0 19.2 40.2 45.6 16.2 28.7 15 26.4 25.9 19.7 41.5 38.5 24.6 49 NA 9 42 25.5

Estimated blood loss (mL) 95 200 (20-2000) NA 119 ± 164 232.0 ± 180.0 180 ± 28.1 (0-1100) 190 ± 128 74.2 ± 50 60.8 (0-400) 179.0 ± 236.5 77.6 ± 153.2 (0-700) 0 (0-175) 190 (0-1500) 245.7 ± 222.1 (10.0-1300.0) 10 (0-200) 200 (25-6000) 68 ± 138 (0-600) 15.4 ± 26.4 296 ± 155 NA

Table 4. Comparison of clinical and perioperative outcomes of robotic-assisted total mesorectal excision

Lower rectum Preoperative Conversion Rate (%) CCRT (%) (%) 0 81.7 100 7.3 80.5 36.6* 0 23.1 60.4 # 5.9 51.3 31.3 6.1 100 NA 1.4 100 NA 4 74.3 28.7 0 36.7 56.7* 3.8 49.1 NA 0.4 32.7 24.8 0 11.3 24.8 1.5 72.3 100 # 0 27.5 56.5 0.8 21.1 26.8 0 21.7 NA 2.6 84.6 53.9 # 0 0 NA 0 0.5 60.1 # 12 58 NA 0 45.4 100 *< 7 cm; # extraperitoneal. CCRT: concurrent chemoradiotherapy; CRM: circumferentia

Sample size 60 (yp Stage 0-III) 41 (yp Stage 0-III) 52 (yp Stage 0-III) 425 (yp Stage I-IV) 33 (yp Stage 0-III) 74 (yp Stage 0-III) 101 (yp Stage 0-IV) 60 (yp Stage 0-IV) 53 (yp Stage (yp 0-III) 278 (yp Stage 0-III) 133 (yp Stage I-III) 65 (yp Stage 0-III) 200 (yp Stage 0-IV) 370 (yp Stage 0-IV) 83 39 (yp Stage I-IV) 28 (yp Stage I-IV) 203 (yp Stage 0-IV) 26 55

Country (year) Taiwan (2018) Korea (2011) Korea (2011) USA (2015) Korea (2016) Korea (2013) USA (2015) Korea (2016) Italy (2016) Korea (2012) Korea (2015) Brazil/Italy (2014) Korea (2014) Korea (2013) UK (2016) USA (2007) Italy (2009) Japan (2016) Canada (2016) Egypt (2014)

Present study Baek et al. [11] Park et al. [12] Hellan et al. [14] Kim et al. [23] Saklani et al. [24] Pai et al. [29] Kim et al. [30] Feroci et al. [31] Cho et al. [32] Park et al. [33] Ghezzi et al. [34] Hara et al. [35] Baik et al. [36] Ahmed et al. [37] Hellan et al. [38] Luca et al. [39] Yamaguchi et al. [40] Ramji et al. [41] Abdel-Gawad et al. [42]

Study