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analyze real-time fluorescence signals in other applications pertaining to tissue perfusion or anatomical
structures. The synergy of these technologies has significant potential to change surgical treatment in the
coming years.

CONCLUSION
Fluorescence technology has the potential to impact sinonasal surgery by improving identification of
sinonasal tumors and enhancing the detection of vital anatomic structures. Additional studies on the clinical
implementation of these technologies, and the continued development of contrast agents and imaging
devices will be crucial to achieving this impact.

DECLARATIONS
Authors’ contributions
Made substantial contributions to conception and design of the study and performed data analysis and
interpretation: Chang M, Baik F

Availability of data and materials
Not applicable.

Financial support and sponsorship
None.

Conflicts of interest
Both authors declared that there are no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval and consent to participate
This study was reviewed and approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) at Stanford University
(Administrative Panel on Human Subjects in Medical Research, No. 64018). Informed consent to
participate was obtained from all patients.

Consent for publication
Not applicable.

Copyright
© The Author(s) 2024.

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