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Imai et al. Mini-invasive Surg 2024;8:2 https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/2574-1225.2023.67 Page 5 of 8

Table 1. Baseline characteristics (n = 23)
No. of patients (%)
Authors
Sex, Male 14 (60.87)
Mean age (years) 62.13 ± 16.40
Current smoking 11 (47.83)
Regular alcohol use 10 (43.48)
History of surgery # 13 (56.52)
Colectomy 2 (8.70)
Ovariectomy or hysterectomy 5 (21.74)
Gastrectomy 2 (8.70)
Appendectomy 3 (13.04)
Hepatectomy 0 (0.00)
Cholecystectomy 1 (4.35)
Pancreatectomy 1 (4.35)
Medications
NSAIDs 2 (8.70)
Antiplatelets* 5 (21.74)
$
Anticoagulants 0 (0.00)
Steroids 0 (0.00)
PPIs 4 (17.93)
H2RAs 4 (17.93)
Contrast-enhanced CT findings
Band adhesions 3 (13.04)
Matted adhesions 0 (0.00)
Ileum intussusception 1 (4.35)
Ischemic enteritis 0 (0.00)
Ileum dilation 1 (4.35)
#
“±” indicates standard deviation; duplicate results were allowed; *including aspirin, clopidogrel, ticlopidine, icosapentaene, sarpogrelate,
$
beraprost sodium, limaprost alfadex, Girazep, dipyridamole, and ozagrel sodium; including warfarin. NSAID: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory
drug; PPI: proton pump inhibitor; H2RA: histamine 2 receptor antagonist.

Of the 23 eligible patients, 18 underwent patency capsule endoscopy at 13.9 ± 15.9 days after the diagnosis of
small bowel obstruction. Capsule endoscopy was not performed in five patients in whom small intestinal
patency could not be confirmed. Of the 18 patients who underwent patency capsule endoscopy, seven
excreted the capsules without transformation after 22.2 ± 9.47 h, whereas 11 had confirmed small intestinal
patency on X-ray, ultrasound, or non-contrast CT. In nine patients, X-ray revealed small intestinal patency.
In two patients, the patency capsule could not be identified on X-ray, and non-contrast CT was performed
[Table 2].

In total, 18 patients underwent small intestinal capsule endoscopy at 15.7 ± 16.8 days after the diagnosis of
small bowel obstruction. The enteroscopy rate based on capsule endoscopy was 94.4% (17/18 patients) over
296 ± 133 min. Capsule endoscopy revealed redness in six patients, erosions and ulcers in three patients,
small intestinal diverticulum in one patient, tumor in one patient, and normal examination in seven
patients. No capsule endoscopy-related adverse events were observed.

In four of the 18 patients who underwent capsule endoscopy, subsequent balloon endoscopy was also
performed, which revealed Meckel’s diverticulum and ileum ganglioneuroma in one patient each