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Page 8 of 23  George et al. Mini-invasive Surg 2024;8:4  https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/2574-1225.2023.102



                  5,000 patients
 [33]
 Majid et al.  Erosions and   2020  Retrospective  Pakistan  Using multi-type features   Training: 6,922 images of bleeding,   CNN  Sensitivity of 96.5%
 ulcers  extraction, fusion, and features   oesophagitis, polyp, and ulcerative colitis
 selection to detect ulcer, polyp,   Testing: 2,967 images of bleeding,
 esophagitis, and bleeding  oesophagitis, polyp, and ulcerative colitis
 [29]
 Kundu et al.  Erosions and   2020  Retrospective  Bangladesh Employing LDA for ROI separation  Training: 65 bleeding, 31 ulcers,   SVM  Sensitivity of 85.96%,
 ulcers           and 30 tumour images                          specificity of 92.24%
                  Testing: 15 continuous video clips
 [34]
 Otani et al.  Erosions and   2020  Retrospective  Japan  Multiple lesion detection using   Database of 398 images of erosions and  Deep   No sensitivity and
 ulcers  RetinaNet  ulcers, 538 images of angiodysplasias,   neural   specificity reported
                  4,590 images of tumours, and 34,437   network
                  normal images for training and testing
 [35]
 Xia et al.  Erosions and   2021  Retrospective  China  Novel CNN and RCNN system to   Training: 822,590 images   CNN,   Sensitivity of 96.2%, specificity
 ulcers  detect 7 types of lesions in MCE   Testing: 201,365 images  RCNN  of 76.2%
 imaging
 [36]
 Afonso et al.  Erosions and   2021  Retrospective  Portugal  Identify but also differentiate ulcers  Training: 18,976 images   CNN  Sensitivity of 86.6%, specificity
 ulcers  and erosions based on   Testing: 4,744 images          of 95.9%
 haemorrhagic potential
 Mascarenhas   Erosions and   2021  Retrospective  Portugal  Identify various lesions on CE   Training: 42,844 images   CNN  Sensitivity of 88%, specificity
 [37]
 Saraiva et al.  ulcers  images and differentiate using   Testing: 10,711 images  of 99%
 Saurin’s classification
 [38]
 Afonso et al.  Erosions and   2022  Retrospective  Portugal  Identify but also differentiate ulcers  Training: 4,904 images   CNN  Sensitivity of 90.8%, specificity
 ulcers  and erosions based on   Testing: 379 normal images, 266 erosion,   of 97.1%
 haemorrhagic potential  286 P1 Ulcer images, 295 P2 Ulcer
                  images
 Mascarenhas   Erosions and   2022  Retrospective  Portugal  Develop CNN-based method to   Training: 7,204 images   CNN  Sensitivity of 96.3%, specificity
 [39]
 et al.  ulcers  detect and distinguish colonic   Testing: 1,801  of 98.2%
 mucosal lesions and luminal blood
 in CCE imaging
 [40]
 Xiao et al.  Erosions and   2022  Retrospective   China  Classify capsule gastroscope   Training: 228 images   CNN  No sensitivity and specificity,
 ulcers  sensitivity of 96.9%   images into normal, chronic erosive  Testing: 912 images  accuracy of 94.81%
 and a specificity of   gastritis, and gastric ulcer
 99.9% specific  categories
 [41]
 Ribeiro et al.  Erosions and   2022  Retrospective  Portugal  Accurately detect ulcers and   Training: 26,869 images   CNN  Sensitivity of 96.9%, specificity
 ulcers  erosions in CCE images  Testing: 3,375 normal images, 357   of 99.9%
                  images with ulcers or colonic erosions
 [43]
 Nakada et al.  Erosions and   2023  Retrospective  Japan  Utilise RetinaNet to diagnose   Training: 6,476 erosion and ulcer images,  Deep   Erosions and ulcers: sensitivity
 ulcers  erosions and ulcers, vascular   1,916 angiodysplasias images, 7,127   neural   of 91.9%, specificity of 93.6%
 lesions, and tumours in WCE   tumour images, 14,014,149 normal   network  Vascular lesions:
 imaging          images                                        sensitivity of 87.8%,
                  Testing: images from 217 patients             specificity of 96.9%
                                                                Tumours: sensitivity of 87.6%,
                                                                specificity of 93.7%
 [42]                                           [110]
 Raut et al.  Erosions and   2023  Retrospective  India  Use various feature extraction   Training and testing on KID dataset  Deep   Sensitivity of 97.23%,
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