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Figure 3. Vulnerable windows during lifetime for milk’s impact on prostate carcinogenesis.

Figure 4. Epidemiological and biochemical associations among milk consumption, height, and acne during adolescence and prostate
cancer in adult life.

EVs and MEX and their miR signaling was neglected by the selected feeding design. Retrospectively, they
missed the complexity of milk signaling and thus provided a questionable conclusion.

Mendelian randomization studies
Larsson et al. investigated the potential causal associations of milk consumption with the risk of PCa
[620]
using genetic variants (rs4988235 or rs182549) near the LCT gene as proxies for milk consumption and
reported no overall association between genetically predicted milk consumption and PCa (OR = 1.01,
95%CI: 0.99-1.02, P = 0.389). However, there was moderate heterogeneity among estimates from different
2
data sources (I = 54%). In contrast, a positive association was observed in the FinnGen consortium (OR =
1.07, 95%CI: 1.01-1.13, P = 0.026), which was more homogenous than the two other European populations