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Page 4 of 15 Dasgupta et al. J Transl Genet Genom 2018;2:15. I https://doi.org/10.20517/jtgg.2018.21

Table 1. Brief summary of studies correlating imaging features with molecular subgrouping in medulloblastoma
Author & year Population Number of Imaging features Key findings from the study
patients
[21]
Teo et al. , 2013 Pediatric MB 60 Conventional MRI Hemispheric location was associated with SHH-MB (> 50%)
(location) Non-WNT/non-SHH tumors were lateralised in only 5%
Perreault et al. [22] , Pediatric and 99 Conventional MRI Group 3 & 4 tumors were predominantly located in the midline within the
2014 adult MB features; diffusion- IVth ventricle
weighted imaging WNT tumors were localised to CP/CPA cistern
including apparent SHH tumors were having cerebellar hemispheric location
diffusion coefficient Midline group 4 tumors had no or minimal enhancement
(ADC maps) MRI based regression model correctly predicted subgroup in 65%
Mean ADC was not significantly different among the subgroups
Wefers et al. [23] , Pediatric and 71 Conventional MRI Subgroup with exclusive intracerebellar growth was SHH (52%)
2014 adult MB (location and Most group 3 & 4 tumors grew in the midline in vermis (> 70%)
relationship of tumor A third of non-SHH tumors had tumor in caudal cerebellum
with surrounding Brainstem contact was seen in only 48% of SHH-MB as compared to 75%
structures) or more for other subgroups
Lastowska et al. [24] , Pediatric MB 76 MRI (location Lateralized location was significantly associated with SHH
2015 and contrast None of SHH tumors were invading the brainstem floor
enhancement All group 3 tumors were associated with extensive contrast enhancement
features) (> 75% of tumor showing contrast uptake)
Over 60% of group 4 tumors were having no or minimal contrast
enhancement (< 10% of tumor showing contrast uptake)
For non-WNT/non-SHH tumors, extensive contrast uptake was associated
with poor survival
Bluml et al. [25] , Pediatric MB 30 MRS SHH-MB was associated with prominent choline/lipid peaks, low
2016 creatinine, and little or no taurine levels.
Group 3 & 4 tumors were characterized by low lipd levels, high creatinine,
and readily detected taurine
The 5-metabolite MRS signature reliably differentiated SHH-MB from
group 3/group 4 tumors
Patay et al. [26] , WNT MB 16 Conventional MRI Involvement of foramen of Luschka, IVth ventricle, cisterna magna, and
2015 features (also CPA was seen in WNT-MB
assessed post-surgery In 87% of patients, contrast enhancement involved entire tumor
imaging for location) Intra-tumoral hemorrhage was seen in 31% of patients
Keil et al. [27] , 2017 Adult MB 28 Conventional MRI Absence of hydrocephalus, macrometastases, and hemorrohage was
features suggestive of WNT-MB
SHH-MB was associated with larger tumor volume and edema
Contact with lower rhombic lip and hemorrhage were relatively common
in group 4 tumors
Zhao et al. [28] , 2017 Adult MB 125 Conventional MRI Large majority of SHH-MB were hemispheric in location
features 48% of SHH-MB had burden exclusively in rostral cerebellum
Peri-tumoral edema was seen commonly in SHH and WNT-MB
Group 4 tumors were predominant midline vermian in location
Minimal or no enhancement was seen in 50% of group 4 tumors
Mata-Mbemba Pediaric MB 119 Conventional MRI Primary tumors in SHH-MB were hemispheric in location
et al. [29] , 2018 features and diffusion Primary tumors were smaller (< 3.5 cm) in group 3 MB compared to group
imaging 4 and SHH-MB
Laminar metastates were commonly seen in group 3 tumors
Nodular metastases were commonly seen in group 4 tumors
Suprasellar/infundibular metastases were specific for group 4 MB
Zapotocky et al. [30] , Metastatic 40 Conventional MRI Cerebellar peripheral location was very common in SHH-MB
2018 MB features and diffusion Minimal enhancement was seen in primary group 4 tumor
imaging CPA location was seen more commonly in WNT-MB
Spinal metastases were more commonly seen in group 3 tumors
Ependymal metastasis with restricted diffusion but no enhancement
(“mismatch pattern”) was seen in group 4 tumors (particualrly if located
in the infundibular recess)
Dasgupta et al. , Pediatric and 111 Conventional WNT-MB was asoociated with smaller tumor size, homogeneous contrast
[31]
2018 adult MB MRI features and uptake, and intratumoral hemorrhage
developed MRI- SHH-MB was more likely to have lateralised and superior location, away
based nomograms from brainstem and presence of peri-tumoral edema
for prediction of Group 3 tumors were in midline location, with “fluffy” enhancement and
subgroups higher incidence of metatstatic diasease
Group 4 tumors were in midline and inferior in location with dilatation of
superior recess of IVth ventricle; showed minimal or “patchy” contrast
enhancement
MRI: magnetic resonance imaging; MRS: magnetic resonance spectroscopy; MB: medulloblastoma; WNT: wingless; SHH: sonic hedge
hog; ADC: apparent diffusion co-efficient; CP: cerebellar peduncle; CPA:cerebellopontine angle