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Page 169 Kamal et al. J Transl Genet Genom 2024;8:162-85 https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/jtgg.2023.55

been found that lncRNA HTT-AS-v1, one of the splice variants of the HTT-AS locus, is markedly
downregulated in the brains of HD patients. Moreover, studies have shown that lncRNA HTT-AS-v1
[76]
decreases the expression of the HTT gene, which is known as the hallmark of the disease . Another study
by Sunwoo et al. showed that about 181 lncRNAs were dysregulated in HD brains, of which 35 were
upregulated and 146 were downregulated . In the same study, Sunwoo et al. validated the overexpression
[77]
of lncRNA NEAT1 and revealed that it is involved in mechanisms of neuroprotection against neuronal
damage .
[77]

Prostate cancer
Prostate cancer, which is the second most common type of carcinoma and the fifth leading cause of cancer
mortality among men globally, is primarily composed of adenocarcinomas, a type of cancer that originates
from glandular cells. This type of cancer, similar to other types of malignancy, is characterized by having
different molecular subtypes, each with its own unique progression pathways . Research has shown that
[78]
the concentrations of the lncRNA NEAT1 are remarkably higher in tumor tissues and that its levels can
predict the overall survival of patients. Additionally, in the context of prostate cancer, it has been discovered
that lncRNA NEAT1 has the ability to change the epigenetic environment and promote the active
transcription of genes . Another recent study by Yuan et al. unveiled the role of the overexpressed lncRNA
[79]
SSTR5-AS1 in prostate cancer as a prognostic marker that can alter the level of proteins involved in the
proliferation and metastasis of prostate cancer cells .
[80]
Breast cancer
According to the World Health Organization, breast cancer (BC) is the most common type of cancer that
affects women worldwide , with more than 2.3 million cases and 685,000 fatalities worldwide . A study
[81]
[82]
by Sang et al. has revealed that when the lncRNA PANDAR is expressed at higher levels in breast cancer
cells, it helps the cells multiply by controlling the transition from G1 to S phase . Another lncRNA that has
[83]
shown a role in the determination of the prognosis for breast cancer is lncRNA linc00511. This lncRNA has
been investigated for its role in promoting tumor growth, accelerating the transition from the G1 to the S
[84]
phase of breast cancer cells, and inhibiting apoptosis .
Cardiovascular disease
Chronic heart failure (CHF), broadly categorized as either ischaemic or non-ischaemic cardiomyopathy, is a
multifaceted clinical syndrome arising from diverse structural or functional impediments in ventricular
filling or blood ejection. It stands as a prominent cause of mortality, particularly affecting the aging
population, with an estimated lifetime risk of developing CHF ranging from 20% to 33%. Despite
advancements in therapies, approximately half of CHF-diagnosed patients face a grim prognosis, with a
[85]
significant number succumbing within five years . Recent studies have brought attention to numerous
aberrantly expressed lncRNAs in CHF, shedding light on their potential roles and significant functions in
both the pathology and potential alleviation of the disease [85-88] . For instance, in a study by Li et al. focusing
on dilated cardiomyopathy-induced CHF, lncRNA profiling identified 20 upregulated and 20
downregulated lncRNAs. Among them, the upregulated lncRNA RP11-544D21.2 and the downregulated
lncRNA XLOC_014288 were correctly validated and functionally characterized . In another investigation
[85]
by Zhang et al., the lncRNA cytb was discovered to be downregulated in the heart and plasma of patients
[86]
with heart failure .