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Kamal et al. J Transl Genet Genom 2024;8:162-85 https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/jtgg.2023.55 Page 168

Figure 3. Biomarker Significance and Therapeutic Prospects of LncRNAs in Brain and Spinal Cord Injuries, Prostate Cancer, Breast
Cancer, Huntington’s Disease, and Cardiovascular Disorders.

[58]
SCI survivors . Earlier studies from Wang et al., using RNA-seq, found seven lncRNAs to be differentially
[59]
expressed, of which lncSCIR1 was constantly downexpressed at all time points following SCI . Other
[61]
[14]
expression analysis studies revealed 772 , 277 , and 458 differentially expressed lncRNAs in SCI either
[60]
at acute SCI or later time points, and those lncRNAs were linked to regulatory functions in immune
responses, signaling pathways, and epigenetic modifications .
[14]
Alzheimer's disease
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most prevalent neurodegenerative diseases, known for its detrimental
effects on cognition and memory . One of the unique neuropathological characteristics of AD is the
[62]
deposition of the amyloid beta proteins into plaques in the brain parenchyma and cerebral blood vessel
[63]
walls, and their levels were strongly correlated with cognitive decline in AD . BACE1 (Beta-site Amyloid
Precursor Protein (APP) Cleaving Enzyme 1), also known as the β-secretase enzyme, is a type 1
transmembrane aspartic protease enzyme with the highest expression levels found in neurons. It is one of
two enzymes, β- and γ-secretase, that acts sequentially on APP (amyloid precursor proteins) for the cleavage
[64]
and production of amyloid beta proteins . By stabilizing BACE1 mRNA, lncRNA BACE1-AS increases
BACE1 protein expression and enhances the formation of amyloid beta proteins . Several other lncRNAs
[65]
[66]
[68]
[67]
have been found to be dysregulated in AD, such as GDNFOS1 , 17A , NAT-Rad18 , BC200 , 51A ,
[70]
[69]
NDM29 , and EBF2-AS .
[71]
[72]
Huntington's disease
Huntington's disease (HD) is a rare autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disorder that arises from a
repeat expansion of three nucleotides within the Huntingtin gene , which results in the aggregation of
[73]
mutant Huntingtin protein . HD is characterized by motor impairment accompanied by behavioral
[74]
dysfunction and dementia, in extreme cases, that result from progressive cognitive impairment . It has
[75]