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The general trend of HBGVs for PFOA, PFOS, and other PFAS also raises the question of the relative
importance of exposures derived from water and those derived from other sources (e.g., consumer products,
diet, etc.) A recent analysis considered this question using NHANES serum concentrations as an indicator
[44]
of non-water PFOA exposure . The analysis found that at a water concentration of 1 ng/L, water
contributed 4% and 9.7% of total PFOA exposure for mean and 95th percentile water intake rates,
respectively. Drinking water concentrations of PFOA below 0.1 ng/L showed negligible contribution to total
PFOA exposure. This suggests that reductions in PFOA below 1 ng/L will have limited impact on serum
levels in the general population in the absence of a coordinated effort to reduce non-water exposures to
PFOA (and by extension, other bioaccumulative PFAS and their precursors) from food, consumer products,
and other sources.

DECLARATIONS
Acknowledgments
The authors thank Sarah Fossen Johnson and Kristine Klos for their review and comments during the
development of the manuscript.

Authors’ contributions
Made substantial contributions to the conception and design of the revised model and model parameters:
Greene CW, Bogdan AR, Goeden HM

Availability of data and materials
The revised toxicokinetic model is available as an Excel file; to obtain a copy, contact the authors.

Financial support and sponsorship
This work was supported in part by the Clean Water Fund under the Minnesota Clean Water, Land, and
Legacy Amendment.

Conflicts of interest
All authors declared that there are no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval and consent to participate
Not applicable.

Consent for publication
Not applicable.

Copyright
© The Authors 2024.

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