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Page 4 of 13 Briggs et al. J Cancer Metastasis Treat 2021;7:46 https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/2394-4722.2021.84

Table 1. Serum prognostic biomarkers
Serum biomarker Cohort therapy or histology PFS/DFS OS (CSS) n
ALP (high vs. low) [15,59] Untreated HR = 1.52, P = 0.014 416
RR = 1.46, P < 0.0001 2217
[10-12,59]
Ca (high vs. low) INFα RR = 1.93, P < 0.0001 463
Untreated Shorter, P < 0.001 308
HR = 2.01, P < 0.001 416
RR = 3.05, P < 0.0001 601
[60]
Ca (low vs. high) N + Ip HR = 0.63, 95%CI: 0.46-0.86 550
COP-NLR (high vs. low) [17] P or S HR = 1.78, P = 0.008 276‡
[18]
CRP (high vs. low) S HR = 2.48, P < 0.05 HR = 3.17, P < 0.05 200
Hg (high vs. low) [60] S HR = 0.56, 95%CI: 0.43-0.74 546
[10-12,14,15,59]
Hg (low vs. high) Cytokine RR = 1.4, P < 0.001 782
INFα RR = 1.53, P < 0.0001 463
Untreated Shorter, P < 0.001 308
HR = 1.66, P = 0.005 416
RR = 2.33, P < 0.0001 612
RR = 1.56, P < 0.0001 3547
LDH (high vs. low) [10,12,15] INFα RR = 3.23, P < 0.0001 463
RR = 1.67, P = 0.001 544
RR = 1.2, P < 0.0001 2360
LDH (low vs. high) [60] N + Ip HR = 0.50, 95%CI: 0.30-0.82 550
S HR = 0.25, 95%CI: 0.15-0.41 546
Neutrophil count (high vs. low) [12,59] Untreated HR = 2.04, P < 0.001 HR = 2.61, P < 0.001 416
RR = 4.58, P < 0.0001 583
Neutrophil count (low vs. high) [14] Cytokine RR = 1.403, P = 0.004 782
[17,61]
NLR (high vs. low) ICI HR = 2.20, 95%CI: 1.61-3.01 HR = 3.92, 95%CI: 2.00-7.69 6461‡
P or S HR = 1.70, P < 0.001 276‡
HR = 2.09, P < 0.001 HR = 1.90, P < 0.001 5768
(CSS HR 2.31, P < 0.001)
[60]
NLR (low vs. high) N + Ip HR = 0.61, 95%CI: 0.42-0.81 550
S HR = 0.55, 95%CI: 0.42-0.72 546
[12]
Platelets (high vs. low) RR = 2.56, P < 0.0001 607
[17,62]
PLR (high vs. low) ccRCC HR = 1.35, P < 0.001 1505
(CSS HR = 1.32, P < 0.001)
P or S HR = 1.57, P = 0.002 276‡
s-TATI (high vs. low) [19] HR = 1.01, P = 0.03 132
(CSS HR = 1.01, P = 0.004)
TIMP-1 mRNA (high vs. low) [16,22] HR = 1.0, 95%CI: 1.0-1.0 123
Associated, P = 0.030 61
VEGF (continuous) [20] Placebo Shorter, P = 0.0231 Shorter, P = 0.0416 452
[20]
VEGF (high vs. low) Sorafenib P = 0.0145 451
[15]
WBC (high vs. low) RR = 1.37, P < 0.0001 2261
‡Total sample size of study (n of direct comparison not available). Grey Cell: positive association; White Cell: negative association; ICI: immune
checkpoint inhibitor, INFα: interferon alpha, Ip: ipilimumab; N: nivolumab; P: pazopanib; S: sunitinib; CSS: cancer specific survival; DFS: disease free
survival; HR: hazard ratio; OS: overall survival; PFS: progression free survival; RR: relative risk; ALP: alkaline phosphatase; Ca: calcium; COP-NLR:
combined platelet count and neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio; CRP: C-reactive protein; Hg: hemoglobin; LDH: lactate dehydrogenase; NLR:
neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio; ccRCC: clear cell RCC; PLR: platelet to lymphocyte ratio; s-TATI: serum tumor-associated trypsin inhibitor; TIMP:
tissue inhibitor matrix metalloproteinase; VEGF: vascular endothelial growth factor; WBC: white blood cell.

the prognostic value of these biomarkers in predicting PFS, OS, and CSS.